---
title: "Greater Tokyo — research institutions and their papers"
description: "Greater Tokyo (Japan): 22 institutions with papers on Elamur Research — 8 universities, 7 labs and research institutes, 6 companies, 1…"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [institutions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/) / [agglomerations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/) / Greater Tokyo

# Greater Tokyo

Agglomeration [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/) · metro population 36,471,787 (the Tokyo functional urban area, GHSL 2015)

**22** institutions with a page**133** works in our library**38,390** citations of their works

## Institutions (22)

8 universities, 7 labs and research institutes, 6 companies, 1 government body.

### 🎓 Universities (8)

1. **[The University of Tokyo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/the-university-of-tokyo/)**University · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*45 works · 8,692 citations*
2. **[Tokyo Institute of Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/tokyo-institute-of-technology/)**University · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*14 works · 1,759 citations*
3. **[Tokyo Metropolitan University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/tokyo-metropolitan-university/)**University · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*5 works · 333 citations*
4. **[Keio University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/keio-university/)**University · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*4 works · 705 citations*
5. **[Waseda University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/waseda-university/)**University · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*4 works · 531 citations*
6. **[The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/the-graduate-university-for-advanced-studies-sokendai/)**University · Hayama, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*3 works · 787 citations*
7. **[University of Tsukuba](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-tsukuba/)**University · Tsukuba, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*2 works · 748 citations*
8. **[Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/tokyo-university-of-agriculture-and-technology/)**University · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*2 works · 24 citations*

### 🔬 Labs and research institutes (7)

1. **[National Institute of Information and Communications Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/national-institute-of-information-and-communications-technology/)**Research institute · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*13 works · 1,970 citations*
2. **[National Institute of Informatics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/national-institute-of-informatics/)**Research institute · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*21 works · 3,045 citations*
3. **[National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/national-institute-of-advanced-industrial-science-and-technology/)**Research institute · Tsukuba, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*13 works · 2,747 citations*
4. **[Artificial Intelligence Research Center](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/artificial-intelligence-research-center/)**Research institute · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*8 works · 1,556 citations*
5. **[RIKEN](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/riken/)**Research institute · Wako, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*8 works · 412 citations*
6. **[RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/riken-center-for-advanced-intelligence-project/)**Research institute · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*2 works · 772 citations*
7. **[National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/national-institute-for-japanese-language-and-linguistics/)**Research institute · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*4 works · 2 citations*

### 🏢 Companies (6)

1. **[NTT](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/ntt/)**Company · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*20 works · 4,949 citations*
2. **[Preferred Networks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/preferred-networks/)**Company · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*3 works · 1,245 citations*
3. **[Honda](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/honda/)**Company · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*2 works · 2,819 citations*
4. **[Honda Research Institute Japan Co., Ltd.](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/honda-research-institute-japan-co-ltd/)**Company · Wako, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*2 works · 2,819 citations*
5. **[Toshiba](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/toshiba/)**Company · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*2 works · 322 citations*
6. **[Fuji Xerox](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/fuji-xerox/)**Company · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*2 works · 398 citations*

### 🏛️ Government research bodies (1)

1. **[Japan Science and Technology Agency](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/japan-science-and-technology-agency/)**Government body · Tokyo, [Japan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/)*7 works · 1,755 citations*

## Works in our library (133)

Works of its institutions, the most cited first.

1. **[Named Entity Recognition with Bidirectional LSTM-CNNs](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chiu-2015-named-entity-recognition-bidirectional-lstm/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Jason P. C. Chiu, Eric Nichols*2015 · 2,283 citations*
2. [**Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP**Ivan A. Sag, Timothy Baldwin, Francis Bond, et al.*2002 · 1,497 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sag-2002-multiword-expressions-pain-neck-nlp/)
3. **[brat: a Web-based Tool for NLP-Assisted Text Annotation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stenetorp-2012-brat-web-based-tool-nlp/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Pontus Stenetorp, Sampo Pyysalo, Goran Topić, et al.*2012 · 1,368 citations*
4. **[Contextual Augmentation: Data Augmentation by Words with Paradigmatic Relations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kobayashi-2018-contextual-augmentation-data-augmentation-words/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Sosuke Kobayashi*2018 · 807 citations*
5. **[Constructing A Multi-hop QA Dataset for Comprehensive Evaluation of Reasoning Steps](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ho-2020-constructing-multi-hop-qa-dataset/) [International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/)**Xanh Ho, Anh-Khoa Duong Nguyen, Saku Sugawara, et al.*2020 · 735 citations*
6. [**Overview of BioNLP'09 Shared Task on Event Extraction Proceedings of the BioNLP 2009 Workshop Companion Volume for Shared Task**Jin-Dong Kim, Tomoko Ohta, Sampo Pyysalo, et al.*2009 · 735 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kim-2009-overview-bionlp-09-shared-task/)
7. **[Introduction to the Bio-entity Recognition Task at JNLPBA](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/collier-2004-introduction-bio-entity-recognition-task/) [International Joint Workshop on Natural Language Processing in Biomedicine and its Applications (NLPBA/BioNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/international-joint-workshop-on-natural-language-processing-in-biomedicine-and/)**Nigel Collier, Tomoko Ohta, Yoshimasa Tsuruoka, et al.*2004 · 733 citations*
8. **[Findings of the 2017 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT17)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bojar-2017-findings-2017-conference-machine-translation/) [Conference on Machine Translation (WMT)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wmt/)**Ondřej Bojar, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, et al.*2017 · 689 citations*
9. **[A Joint Many-Task Model: Growing a Neural Network for Multiple NLP Tasks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hashimoto-2016-joint-many-task-model-growing/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Kazuma Hashimoto, Caiming Xiong, Yoshimasa Tsuruoka, et al.*2016 · 668 citations*
10. [**The CoNLL-2009 Shared Task: Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies in Multiple Languages**Jan Hajič, Massimiliano Ciaramita, Richard Johansson, et al.*2009 · 631 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hajic-2009-conll-2009-shared-task-syntactic/)
11. [**How Powerful are Graph Neural Networks? arXiv:1810.00826**Keyulu Xu, Weihua Hu, Jure Leskovec, et al.*2018 · 594 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xu-2018-powerful-graph-neural-networks/)
12. **[Results of the WNUT2017 Shared Task on Novel and Emerging Entity Recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/derczynski-2017-results-wnut2017-shared-task-novel/) [Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wnut/)**Leon Derczynski, Eric Nichols, Marieke van Erp, et al.*2017 · 536 citations*
13. **[Discovering Relations among Named Entities from Large Corpora](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hasegawa-2004-discovering-relations-among-named-entities/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Takaaki Hasegawa, Satoshi Sekine, Ralph Grishman*2004 · 486 citations*
14. **[Extracting Semantic Orientations of Words using Spin Model](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/takamura-2005-extracting-semantic-orientations-words-spin/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Hiroya Takamura, Takashi Inui, Manabu Okumura*2005 · 471 citations*
15. **[Automatic Evaluation of Translation Quality for Distant Language Pairs](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/isozaki-2010-automatic-evaluation-translation-quality-distant/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Hideki Isozaki, Tsutomu Hirao, Kevin Duh, et al.*2010 · 461 citations*
16. **[MasakhaNER: Named Entity Recognition for African Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/adelani-2021-masakhaner-named-entity-recognition-african/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**David Ifeoluwa Adelani, Jade Abbott, Graham Neubig, et al.*2021 · 429 citations*
17. [**Adversarial Training Methods for Semi-Supervised Text Classification arXiv:1605.07725**Takeru Miyato, Andrew M. Dai, Ian Goodfellow*2016 · 427 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/miyato-2016-adversarial-training-methods-semi-supervised/)
18. **[Joint Learning of the Embedding of Words and Entities for Named Entity Disambiguation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yamada-2016-joint-learning-embedding-words-entities/) [Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/conll/)**Ikuya Yamada, Hiroyuki Shindo, Hideaki Takeda, et al.*2016 · 427 citations*
19. **[Findings of the 2020 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT20)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/barrault-2020-findings-2020-conference-machine-translation/) [Conference on Machine Translation (WMT)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wmt/)**Loïc Barrault, Magdalena Biesialska, Ondřej Bojar, et al.*2020 · 401 citations*
20. [**The Parallel Grammar Project COLING-02: Grammar Engineering and Evaluation**Miriam Butt, Helge Dyvik, Tracy Holloway King, et al.*2002 · 392 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/butt-2002-parallel-grammar-project/)
21. **[A Neural Layered Model for Nested Named Entity Recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ju-2018-neural-layered-model-nested-named/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Meizhi Ju, Makoto Miwa, Sophia Ananiadou*2018 · 378 citations*
22. **[Probabilistic CFG with Latent Annotations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/matsuzaki-2005-probabilistic-cfg-latent-annotations/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Takuya Matsuzaki, Yusuke Miyao, Jun'ichi Tsujii*2005 · 375 citations*
23. **[HILDA: A Discourse Parser Using Support Vector Machine Classification](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hernault-2010-hilda-discourse-parser-support-vector/) [Dialogue & Discourse](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/dnd/)**Hugo Hernault, Helmut Prendinger, David A. du Verle, et al.*2010 · 353 citations*
24. **[Controlling Output Length in Neural Encoder-Decoders](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kikuchi-2016-controlling-output-length-neural-encoder/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Yuta Kikuchi, Graham Neubig, Ryohei Sasano, et al.*2016 · 323 citations*
25. [**An Empirical Model of Multiword Expression Decomposability Proceedings of the ACL 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment**Timothy Baldwin, Colin Bannard, Takaaki Tanaka, et al.*2003 · 319 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baldwin-2003-empirical-model-multiword-expression-decomposability/)

[See all 133 works in Greater Tokyo →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/works/)

## Works by year

### 2020s

[**2026** 10 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2026/) · [**2025** 5 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2025](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2025/) · [**2024** 3 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2024](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2024/) · [**2023** 4 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2023](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2023/) · [**2022** 6 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2022](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2022/) · [**2021** 9 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2021](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2021/) · [**2020** 9 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2020](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2020/)

### 2010s

[**2019** 6 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2019](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2019/) · [**2018** 13 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2018](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2018/) · [**2017** 6 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2017](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2017/) · [**2016** 10 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2016](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2016/) · [**2015** 2 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2015](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2015/) · [**2014** 1 work Works of Greater Tokyo from 2014](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yoshida-2014-dependency-based-discourse-parser-single/) · [**2013** 1 work Works of Greater Tokyo from 2013](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sadohara-2013-sub-lexical-dialogue-act-classification/) · [**2012** 5 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2012](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2012/) · [**2011** 6 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2011](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2011/) · [**2010** 6 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2010](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2010/)

### 2000s

[**2009** 9 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2009](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2009/) · [**2008** 3 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2008](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2008/) · [**2007** 3 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2007](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2007/) · [**2005** 4 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2005](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2005/) · [**2004** 2 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2004](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2004/) · [**2003** 2 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2003](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2003/) · [**2002** 3 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 2002](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/2002/)

### 1990s

[**1996** 2 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 1996](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/1996/) · [**1994** 2 works Works of Greater Tokyo from 1994](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/greater-tokyo/year/1994/)

## Fields, topics and concepts

Of its works in our library, with the number of works on each.

📚 Shelves 30 The field of science this work belongs to (OpenAlex fields).[Arts and Humanities · 129 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · [Computer Science · 129 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · [Language and Linguistics · 129 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · [Artificial Intelligence · 128 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · [Molecular Biology · 10 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/molecular-biology/) · [Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology · 10 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/) · [Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · 10 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/computer-vision-and-pattern-recognition/) · [Mathematics · 3 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/mathematics/) · [Philosophy · 5 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/philosophy/) · [Decision Sciences · 3 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/) · [Information Systems and Management · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/information-systems-and-management/) · [Geometry and Topology · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/mathematics/geometry-and-topology/) · [Management Science and Operations Research · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/decision-sciences/management-science-and-operations-research/) · [Medicine · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/medicine/) · [Social Sciences · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/social-sciences/)+15 more

🧭 Topics 33 Research subjects and languages the work is about.[Named entity recognition · 8 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/named-entity-recognition/) · [Machine translation · 14 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) · [Coreference resolution · 16 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/) · [Discourse analysis · 9 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/discourse-analysis/) · [Evaluation & benchmarks · 14 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/) · [English · 15 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/english/) · [Information extraction · 3 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-extraction/) · [Reasoning · 8 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/) · [Idioms & multiword expressions · 3 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multiword-expressions/) · [Language models & pretraining · 9 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · [Syntax & grammar formalisms · 3 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/syntax-grammar/) · [Multilingual & cross-lingual NLP · 5 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multilingual-nlp/) · [Text generation · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/text-generation/) · [Dialogue systems · 8 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dialogue-systems/) · [Semantic role labeling · 5 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-role-labeling/)+18 more

💡 Concepts 10 Key ideas and methods explained on our concept pages.[Named entity recognition · 6 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/named-entity-recognition/) · [BLEU score · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/bleu/) · [Distributional semantics · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/distributional-semantics/) · [Discourse analysis · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/discourse-analysis/) · [Child-directed speech · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/child-directed-speech/) · [Lexicography · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/lexicography/) · [Corpus linguistics · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/corpus-linguistics/) · [Cognitive linguistics · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/cognitive-linguistics/) · [Psycholinguistics · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/psycholinguistics/) · [Zipf's law · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/zipfs-law/)

Agglomerations: the GHSL Urban Centre Database 2025; populations: the GHSL functional urban areas 2015 (urban centre and commuting zone), else the urban centre, as each page says (European Commission, Joint Research Centre, CC BY 4.0). An institution belongs to the urban centre its coordinates (ROR, OpenAlex) fall in, or one within 5 km. Land: Natural Earth.

- [← back to](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/japan/) — Japan

Updated 24 October 2026