--- title: "Charles L.A. Clarke — author profile and papers" description: "Charles L.A. Clarke, University of Waterloo: 2 papers on Elamur Research (2009–2023), h-index 45 — affiliations, topics, co-authors and who cites them in…" canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/charles-l-a-clarke/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/charles-l-a-clarke/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [authors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/) / Charles L.A. Clarke # Charles L.A. Clarke Charles L.A. Clarke has 2 papers in our library, in 2009–2023, most of them on [Language models & pretraining](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/), [Question answering](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/question-answering/), [Evaluation & benchmarks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/); often with [Davood Rafiei](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/davood-rafiei/), [Ehsan Kamalloo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ehsan-kamalloo/), [Nouha Dziri](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nouha-dziri/). 2 papers in our library · 2009–2023 [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/A5037737168) · [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8178-9194) · [**h-index 45**](https://openalex.org/authors/A5037737168) · [306 works](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5037737168) · [8,943 citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5037737168&sort=cited_by_count:desc) OpenAlex, 2026-10-14 [📄 2 works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/charles-l-a-clarke/#papers) · [🔗 307 citations in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/charles-l-a-clarke/cited-by/) · [2 more in our library without a page yet](#also) · [⭐ Paper Star rank #1774](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/paper-stars/page/18/#star-1774) The profile is the library's match of the name; two people with one name are not always told apart. Elsewhere: [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&mauthors=Charles+L.A.+Clarke) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=Charles+L.A.+Clarke) · [dblp](https://dblp.org/search?q=Charles+L.A.+Clarke) · [ACL Anthology](https://aclanthology.org/search/?q=Charles+L.A.+Clarke) ## Affiliations [🎓**University of Waterloo** Waterloo · Canada 1996–2026 · 213 papers*current*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-waterloo/) · [🎓**University of Toronto** Toronto · Canada 1998–2002 · 9 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-toronto/) From the bylines of their papers (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14), ORCID and Wikidata; institutions on papers are matched by machine. 1 more institution on single bylines are not listed. ## Topics [Language models & pretraining (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · [Question answering (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/question-answering/) · [Evaluation & benchmarks (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/) ## Works by year ### 2020s [**2023** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kamalloo-2023-evaluating-open-domain-question-answering/) ### 2000s [**2009** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cormack-2009-reciprocal-rank-fusion-outperforms/) ## Papers The most cited first (OpenAlex and our library). 1. **[Reciprocal Rank Fusion Outperforms Condorcet and Individual Rank Learning Methods](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cormack-2009-reciprocal-rank-fusion-outperforms/)** *(2009 · 937 citations)* The paper addresses how to merge ranked document lists from several retrieval systems without any training data. 2. **[Evaluating Open-Domain Question Answering in the Era of Large Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kamalloo-2023-evaluating-open-domain-question-answering/)** *(2023 · 233 citations)* Open-domain QA systems are usually scored by lexical matching (EM, F1) against gold answer lists. These lists are incomplete, and the problem grows as generative models and LLMs produce longer, freely worded answers. The authors measure how much this distorts reported progress. They manually judged the outputs of 12… ## Also in our library 2 more works of theirs are in our library without a page here yet; they will appear as we publish them. ## Co-authors here 3 co-authors with a page, the most papers together first. - [Davood Rafiei](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/davood-rafiei/) - [Ehsan Kamalloo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ehsan-kamalloo/) - [Nouha Dziri](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nouha-dziri/) ## Cited by Papers of our library cite their works 307 times (of the 140,884 papers whose bibliographies we read); [8 citing papers with a page here →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/charles-l-a-clarke/cited-by/).