--- title: "Frank Keller — author profile and papers — Elamur Research" description: "Frank Keller, University of Edinburgh: 4 papers on Elamur Research (2003–2026), h-index 46 — affiliations, topics, co-authors and who cites…" canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/frank-keller/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/frank-keller/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [authors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/) / Frank Keller # Frank Keller Frank Keller has 4 papers in our library, in 2003–2026, most of them on [Language models & pretraining](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/), [Question answering](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/question-answering/), [Reasoning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/); often with [Alex Lascarides](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/alex-lascarides/), [Mirella Lapata](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mirella-lapata/), [Gautier Dagan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/gautier-dagan/). 4 papers in our library · 2003–2026 [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/A5054936589) · [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8242-4362) · [**h-index 46**](https://openalex.org/authors/A5054936589) · [242 works](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5054936589) · [10,440 citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5054936589&sort=cited_by_count:desc) OpenAlex, 2026-10-14 [📄 4 works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/frank-keller/#papers) · [🔗 Cited 263 times in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/frank-keller/cited-by/) · [6 more in our library without a page yet](#also) · [⭐ Paper Stars ranking: #4037](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/paper-stars/page/41/#star-4037) The profile is the library's match of the name; two people with one name are not always told apart. Elsewhere: [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&mauthors=Frank+Keller) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=Frank+Keller) · [dblp](https://dblp.org/search?q=Frank+Keller) · [ACL Anthology](https://aclanthology.org/search/?q=Frank+Keller) ## Affiliations [🎓**University of Edinburgh** Edinburgh · United Kingdom 1995–2026 · 136 papersEmployment · Professor, School of Informatics*current*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-edinburgh/) · [🎓**University of Copenhagen** Copenhagen · Denmark 2016–2019 · 2 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-copenhagen/) · [🎓**Saarland University** Saarbrücken · Germany 2001–2002 · 2 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/saarland-university/) From the bylines of their papers (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14), ORCID and Wikidata; institutions on papers are matched by machine. 1 more institution on single bylines are not listed. ## Fields, topics and concepts Of its works in our library, with the number of works on each. 📚 Shelves 7 The field of science this work belongs to (OpenAlex fields).[Computer Science · 4 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · [Artificial Intelligence · 4 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · [Arts and Humanities · 3 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · [Language and Linguistics · 3 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · [Information Systems · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/information-systems/) · [Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/computer-vision-and-pattern-recognition/) · [Literature and Literary Theory · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/literature-and-literary-theory/) 🧭 Topics 3 Research subjects and languages the work is about.[Language models & pretraining · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · [Question answering · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/question-answering/) · [Reasoning · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/) 💡 Concepts 2 Key ideas and methods explained on our concept pages.[Inverted index · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/inverted-index/) · [N-gram · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/concepts/n-gram/) ## Works by year ### 2020s [**2026** 2 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/frank-keller/year/2026/) · [**2023** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/frank-keller/year/2023/) ### 2000s [**2003** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/frank-keller/year/2003/) ## Papers The most cited first (OpenAlex and our library). 1. **[Using the Web to Obtain Frequencies for Unseen Bigrams](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/keller-2003-web-obtain-frequencies-unseen-bigrams/)** *(2003 · 425 citations)* Statistical NLP struggles with data sparseness: many plausible word combinations never occur even in a large corpus, so their counts are zero. 2. **[Dynamic Planning with a LLM](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/dagan-2023-dynamic-planning-llm/)** *(2023 · 25 citations)* Agents built only on LLMs have difficulty with long, multi-step plans in embodied settings where the world is only partly observed. 3. **[Contrastive Learning with Narrative Twins for Modeling Story Salience](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sterner-2026-contrastive-learning-narrative-twins-modeling/)** *(2026 · 5 citations)* Narrative understanding depends on telling which events drive a plot forward, yet there has been little systematic work on how to compute this "salience." The authors pose two questions: which story representations suit the task, and which narratology-inspired test best picks out salient sentences. 4. **[Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/papoudakis-2026-think-before-you-write-qa/)** *(2026)* Writing descriptions of characters from full-length books is difficult. A model must follow how a character's relationships and circumstances change, combine clues spread across more than 100k tokens, and infer details the text only implies. The authors find that reasoning-capable LLMs perform worse on this task when… ## All works 10 works of theirs in our library, the most cited first; 4 with a page here, the others link their original until we summarise them. 1. **[Using the Web to Obtain Frequencies for Unseen Bigrams](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/keller-2003-web-obtain-frequencies-unseen-bigrams/) [Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/)**Frank Keller, Mirella Lapata*2003 · 425 citations* 2. **[Probabilistic Parsing for German Using Sister-Head Dependencies ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P03-1013/) Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · no summary yet**Amit Dubey, Frank Keller*2003 · 158 citations* 3. **[Weakly Supervised Part-of-speech Tagging Using Eye-tracking Data ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P16-2094/) Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) · no summary yet**Maria Barrett et al.*2016 · 118 citations* 4. **[Training Object Class Detectors with Click Supervision ↗](https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2017.27) IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · no summary yet**Dim P. Papadopoulos et al.*2017 · 116 citations* 5. **[Lexicalization in Crosslinguistic Probabilistic Parsing: The Case of French ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P05-1038/) Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'05) · no summary yet**Abhishek Arun, Frank Keller*2005 · 106 citations* 6. **[Modeling Human Reading with Neural Attention ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D16-1009/) Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Michael Hahn, Frank Keller*2016 · 75 citations* 7. [**Dynamic Planning with a LLM arXiv:2308.06391**Gautier Dagan, Frank Keller, Alex Lascarides*2023 · 25 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/dagan-2023-dynamic-planning-llm/) 8. **[Cross-lingual Transfer of Correlations between Parts of Speech and Gaze Features ↗](https://aclanthology.org/C16-1126/) Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers · no summary yet**Maria Barrett, Frank Keller, Anders Søgaard*2016 · 23 citations* 9. **[Contrastive Learning with Narrative Twins for Modeling Story Salience](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sterner-2026-contrastive-learning-narrative-twins-modeling/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Igor Sterner, Alex Lascarides, Frank Keller*2026 · 5 citations* 10. **[Think Before you Write: QA-Guided Reasoning for Character Descriptions in Books](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/papoudakis-2026-think-before-you-write-qa/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Argyrios Papoudakis, Mirella Lapata, Frank Keller*2026* ## Co-authors here 4 co-authors with a page, the most papers together first. - [Alex Lascarides](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/alex-lascarides/) ×2 - [Mirella Lapata](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mirella-lapata/) ×2 - [Gautier Dagan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/gautier-dagan/) - [Igor Sterner](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/igor-sterner/) ## Venues Where their works here were published, the most works first, with the editions of those that have a page. - Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'05) ×3 - [Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/): [Computational Linguistics 2003](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/2003/) - [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/): [EACL 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/2026/) - [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/): [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/2026/) - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers - Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing ## Cited by Papers of our library cite their works 263 times (of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read); [28 citing papers with a page here →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/frank-keller/cited-by/). Updated 1 November 2026