--- title: "George Foster — papers and cards" description: "George Foster: 3 paper cards in the Research library (2017–2022), with what each paper is about, the ideas Mova took from it, and the co-authors." canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/george-foster/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/george-foster/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [authors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/) / George Foster # George Foster 3 paper cards in the Research library · 2017–2022 George Foster wrote 3 of the papers Mova reads, in 2017–2022, most of them on [Machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/); often with [Markus Freitag](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/markus-freitag/), [Alon Lavie](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/alon-lavie/), André F. T. Martins. [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/A5090694771) · [**h-index 29**](https://openalex.org/authors/A5090694771) · [4347 citations](https://openalex.org/authors/A5090694771) · [105 works](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5090694771) — openalex-snapshot, 2026-10-14 The profile is the library's match of the name; two people with one name are not always told apart. Elsewhere: [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&mauthors=George+Foster) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=George+Foster) · [dblp](https://dblp.org/search?q=George+Foster) · [ACL Anthology](https://aclanthology.org/search/?q=George+Foster) · [ORCID](https://orcid.org/orcid-search/search?searchQuery=George+Foster) Topics: [Machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) 3 ## Papers 1. **[Results of WMT22 Metrics Shared Task: Stop Using BLEU – Neural Metrics Are Better and More Robust](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/freitag-2022-results-wmt22-metrics-shared-task/)** *(2022)* The shared task scored submitted MT metrics on WMT22 system outputs for three pairs (English to German, English to Russian, Chinese to English) across four domains: news, social, e-commerce and chat. 2. **[Experts, Errors, and Context: A Large-Scale Study of Human Evaluation for Machine Translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/freitag-2021-experts-errors-context-large-scale/)** *(2021)* The paper replaces the usual one-score human judgment with explicit error annotation. Professional translators, working with the full document, marked errors in the outputs of the ten top systems of WMT 2020 (human references included) for English-to-German and Chinese-to-English, using the MQM framework. The errors… 3. **[A Challenge Set Approach to Evaluating Machine Translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/isabelle-2017-challenge-set-approach-evaluating-machine/)** *(2017)* The paper proposes challenge sets: small, hand-written sets of English to French sentences, each built to test one structural divergence between the two languages, for example morphology that exposes agreement, stranded prepositions, double-object verbs, subcategorisation frames, idioms and WH-movement. ## Co-authors (15) - [Markus Freitag](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/markus-freitag/) ×2 - [Alon Lavie](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/alon-lavie/) - André F. T. Martins - [Chi-kiu Lo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chi-kiu-lo/) - [Colin Cherry](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/colin-cherry/) - [Craig Stewart](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/craig-stewart/) - David Grangier - [Eleftherios Avramidis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/eleftherios-avramidis/) - [Nitika Mathur](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nitika-mathur/) - [Pierre Isabelle](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/pierre-isabelle/) - Qijun Tan - [Ricardo Rei](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ricardo-rei/) - Tom Kocmi - Viresh Ratnakar - [Wolfgang Macherey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/wolfgang-macherey/) ## More papers in the library (5) Pages of the Research library: our summary, the ideas, references and who cites each. - [Results of the WMT21 Metrics Shared Task: Evaluating Metrics with Expert-based Human Evaluations on TED and News Domain](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/freitag-2021-results-wmt21-metrics-shared-task/) — Markus Freitag, Ricardo Rei, Nitika Mathur, et al. · 2021 - [Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation in the Wild: Findings and Challenges](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/arivazhagan-2019-massively-multilingual-neural-machine-translation/) — Naveen Arivazhagan, Ankur Bapna, Orhan Firat, et al. · 2019 - [The Best of Both Worlds: Combining Recent Advances in Neural Machine Translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chen-2018-best-both-worlds-combining-recent/) — Mia Xu Chen, Orhan Firat, Ankur Bapna, et al. · 2018 - [Improving Translation Quality by Discarding Most of the Phrasetable](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/johnson-2007-improving-translation-quality-discarding-most/) — Howard Johnson, Joel Martin, George Foster, et al. · 2007 - [Mixture-Model Adaptation for SMT](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/foster-2007-mixture-model-adaptation-smt/) — George Foster, Roland Kuhn · 2007