--- title: "Harold Somers — author profile and papers" description: "Harold Somers, University of Manchester: 2 papers on Elamur Research (1990–1995), h-index 20 — affiliations, topics, co-authors and who cites them in our…" canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/harold-somers/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/harold-somers/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [authors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/) / Harold Somers # Harold Somers Harold Somers has 2 papers in our library, in 1990–1995, most of them on [Machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/); often with [Jun-ichi Tsujii](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jun-ichi-tsujii/). 2 of them are among the papers [Mova](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/projects/mova/) reads. 2 papers in our library · 1990–1995 [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/A5053673368) · [**h-index 20**](https://openalex.org/authors/A5053673368) · [120 works](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5053673368) · [2,444 citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5053673368&sort=cited_by_count:desc) OpenAlex, 2026-10-14 [📄 2 works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/harold-somers/#papers) · [🔗 154 citations in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/harold-somers/cited-by/) · [11 more in our library without a page yet](#also) · [⭐ Paper Star rank #4417](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/paper-stars/page/45/#star-4417) The profile is the library's match of the name; two people with one name are not always told apart. Elsewhere: [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&mauthors=Harold+Somers) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=Harold+Somers) · [dblp](https://dblp.org/search?q=Harold+Somers) · [ACL Anthology](https://aclanthology.org/search/?q=Harold+Somers) ## Affiliations [🎓**University of Manchester** Manchester · United Kingdom 1978–2012 · 38 papers*current*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-manchester/) · [🎓**Dublin City University** Dublin · Ireland 2009–2011 · 5 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/dublin-city-university/) · [🏢**Toshiba** Tokyo · Japan 1988 · 2 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/toshiba/) From the bylines of their papers (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14), ORCID and Wikidata; institutions on papers are matched by machine. 1 more institution on single bylines are not listed. ## Topics [Machine translation (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) ## Works by year ### 1990s [**1995** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/somers-1995-problems-second-generation-architecture-new/) · [**1990** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/somers-1990-machine-translation-without-source-text/) ## Papers The most cited first (OpenAlex and our library). 1. **[Machine Translation without a source text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/somers-1990-machine-translation-without-source-text/)** *(1990 · 46 citations)* The authors propose an MT system that works without a prepared source text. A monolingual writer begins with a rough sketch of what they want to say, and the system acts as an «intelligent secretary» with knowledge of the foreign language. It asks the writer questions in a keyboard dialogue to collect what the target… 2. **[Problems with the second generation architecture and new trends in MT](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/somers-1995-problems-second-generation-architecture-new/)** *(1995)* A tutorial abstract. It lists the drawbacks of the second-generation rule-based architecture: development effort, robustness, scalability and translation quality, with comparison to commercial systems. Its main subject is example-based MT, also called analogy-based or memory-based MT, which translates by finding the… ## Also in our library 11 more works of theirs are in our library without a page here yet; they will appear as we publish them. ## Co-authors here 1 co-author with a page, the most papers together first. - [Jun-ichi Tsujii](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jun-ichi-tsujii/) ## Cited by Papers of our library cite their works 154 times (of the 140,884 papers whose bibliographies we read); [9 citing papers with a page here →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/harold-somers/cited-by/).