--- title: "Jacob Mitchell Springer · Apple — author profile and papers" description: "Jacob Mitchell Springer, Apple: 2 papers on Elamur Research (2023–2024), h-index 4 — affiliations, topics, co-authors and who cites them in…" canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jacob-mitchell-springer/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jacob-mitchell-springer/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [authors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/) / Jacob Mitchell Springer # Jacob Mitchell Springer Jacob Mitchell Springer has 2 papers in our library, in 2023–2024, most of them on [Language models & pretraining](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/); often with [Aditi Raghunathan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/aditi-raghunathan/), [Suhas Kotha](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/suhas-kotha/), [Daniel Fried](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daniel-fried/). 2 papers in our library · 2023–2024 [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/A5035773495) · [**h-index 4**](https://openalex.org/authors/A5035773495) · [20 works](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5035773495) · [56 citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5035773495&sort=cited_by_count:desc) OpenAlex, 2026-10-14 [📄 2 works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jacob-mitchell-springer/#papers) · [🔗 Cited 118 times in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jacob-mitchell-springer/cited-by/) · [1 more in our library without a page yet](#also) · [⭐ Paper Stars ranking: #7600](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/paper-stars/page/76/#star-7600) The profile is the library's match of the name; two people with one name are not always told apart. Elsewhere: [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&mauthors=Jacob+Mitchell+Springer) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=Jacob+Mitchell+Springer) · [dblp](https://dblp.org/search?q=Jacob+Mitchell+Springer) · [ACL Anthology](https://aclanthology.org/search/?q=Jacob+Mitchell+Springer) ## Affiliations [🎓**Carnegie Mellon University** Pittsburgh · United States 2023–2026 · 5 papers*current*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/carnegie-mellon-university/) · [🏢**Apple** Cupertino · United States 2026 · 1 paper*current*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/apple/) · [🎓**Swarthmore College** Swarthmore · United States 2020–2021 · 4 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/swarthmore-college/) · [🔬**Los Alamos National Laboratory** Los Alamos · United States 2021 · 2 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/los-alamos-national-laboratory/) From the bylines of their papers (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14), ORCID and Wikidata; institutions on papers are matched by machine. ## Fields, topics and concepts Of its works in our library, with the number of works on each. 📚 Shelves 5 The field of science this work belongs to (OpenAlex fields).[Arts and Humanities · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · [Computer Science · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · [Artificial Intelligence · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · [Language and Linguistics · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · [Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/computer-vision-and-pattern-recognition/) 🧭 Topics 1 Research subjects and languages the work is about.[Language models & pretraining · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) ## Works by year ### 2020s [**2024** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jacob-mitchell-springer/year/2024/) · [**2023** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jacob-mitchell-springer/year/2023/) ## Papers The most cited first (OpenAlex and our library). 1. **[Repetition Improves Language Model Embeddings](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/springer-2024-repetition-improves-language-model-embeddings/)** *(2024 · 73 citations)* Strong text embeddings are usually built on encoders with bidirectional attention. Recent work adapting autoregressive LMs for embeddings typically switches them to bidirectional attention and often adds extra training. This paper asks whether that change is really needed. The authors propose echo embeddings . The… 2. **[Understanding Catastrophic Forgetting in Language Models via Implicit Inference](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kotha-2023-understanding-catastrophic-forgetting-language-models/)** *(2023 · 45 citations)* Fine-tuning large language models, such as instruction-tuning or RLHF, often reduces abilities the pretrained model had. ## All works 3 works of theirs in our library, the most cited first; 2 with a page here, the others link their original until we summarise them. 1. [**Repetition Improves Language Model Embeddings arXiv:2402.15449**Jacob Mitchell Springer, Suhas Kotha, Daniel Fried, et al.*2024 · 73 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/springer-2024-repetition-improves-language-model-embeddings/) 2. [**Understanding Catastrophic Forgetting in Language Models via Implicit Inference arXiv:2309.10105**Suhas Kotha, Jacob Mitchell Springer, Aditi Raghunathan*2023 · 45 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kotha-2023-understanding-catastrophic-forgetting-language-models/) 3. **[Overtrained Language Models Are Harder to Fine-Tune ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.19206) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Jacob M. Springer et al.*2025 · 8 citations* ## Co-authors here 4 co-authors with a page, the most papers together first. - [Aditi Raghunathan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/aditi-raghunathan/) ×2 - [Suhas Kotha](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/suhas-kotha/) ×2 - [Daniel Fried](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daniel-fried/) - [Graham Neubig](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/graham-neubig/) ## Cited by Papers of our library cite their works 118 times (of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read); [24 citing papers with a page here →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jacob-mitchell-springer/cited-by/). Updated 2 November 2026