---
title: "Maarten Sap — all works — Elamur Research"
description: "All 51 works of Maarten Sap in the Elamur Research library, the most cited first: our summaries where we have them, else the original."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/maarten-sap/works/"
---
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# Maarten Sap — all works

51 works · [← Maarten Sap](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/maarten-sap/)

1. **[RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gehman-2020-realtoxicityprompts-evaluating-neural-toxic-degeneration/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Samuel Gehman, Suchin Gururangan, Maarten Sap, et al.*2020 · 1,306 citations*
2. **[COMET: Commonsense Transformers for Automatic Knowledge Graph Construction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bosselut-2019-comet-commonsense-transformers-automatic-knowledge/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Antoine Bosselut, Hannah Rashkin, Maarten Sap, et al.*2019 · 1,294 citations*
3. **[The Risk of Racial Bias in Hate Speech Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sap-2019-risk-racial-bias-hate-speech/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Maarten Sap, Dallas Card, Saadia Gabriel, et al.*2019 · 1,164 citations*
4. **[Social IQa: Commonsense Reasoning about Social Interactions ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D19-1454/) Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP) · no summary yet**Maarten Sap et al.*2019 · 883 citations*
5. **[Social Bias Frames: Reasoning about Social and Power Implications of Language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sap-2020-social-bias-frames-reasoning-about/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Maarten Sap, Saadia Gabriel, Lianhui Qin, et al.*2020 · 684 citations*
6. **[ToxiGen: A Large-Scale Machine-Generated Dataset for Adversarial and Implicit Hate Speech Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hartvigsen-2022-toxigen-large-scale-machine-generated/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Thomas Hartvigsen, Saadia Gabriel, Hamid Palangi, et al.*2022 · 578 citations*
7. **[Documenting Large Webtext Corpora: A Case Study on the Colossal Clean Crawled Corpus ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2021.emnlp-main.98/) Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Jesse Dodge et al.*2021 · 564 citations*
8. **[DExperts: Decoding-Time Controlled Text Generation with Experts and Anti-Experts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2021-dexperts-decoding-time-controlled-text/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Alisa Liu, Maarten Sap, Ximing Lu, et al.*2021 · 409 citations*
9. **[Annotators with Attitudes: How Annotator Beliefs And Identities Bias Toxic Language Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sap-2022-annotators-attitudes-how-annotator-beliefs/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Maarten Sap, Swabha Swayamdipta, Laura Vianna, et al.*2022 · 367 citations*
10. **[Social Chemistry 101: Learning to Reason about Social and Moral Norms ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.48/) Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · no summary yet**Maxwell Forbes et al.*2020 · 322 citations*
11. **[Developing Age and Gender Predictive Lexica over Social Media](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sap-2014-developing-age-gender-predictive-lexica/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Maarten Sap, Gregory Park, Johannes Eichstaedt, et al.*2014 · 296 citations*
12. **[Event2Mind: Commonsense Inference on Events, Intents, and Reactions ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1043/) Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Hannah Rashkin et al.*2018 · 270 citations*
13. [**SocialIQA: Commonsense Reasoning about Social Interactions arXiv:1904.09728**Maarten Sap, Hannah Rashkin, Derek Chen, et al.*2019 · 259 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sap-2019-socialiqa-commonsense-reasoning-about-social/)
14. **[Neural Theory-of-Mind? On the Limits of Social Intelligence in Large LMs ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.248/) Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Maarten Sap et al.*2022 · 238 citations*
15. **[SODA: Million-scale Dialogue Distillation with Social Commonsense Contextualization](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kim-2023-soda-million-scale-dialogue-distillation/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Hyunwoo Kim, Jack Hessel, Liwei Jiang, et al.*2023 · 202 citations*
16. **[Challenges in Automated Debiasing for Toxic Language Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhou-2021-challenges-automated-debiasing-toxic-language/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Xuhui Zhou, Maarten Sap, Swabha Swayamdipta, et al.*2021 · 191 citations*
17. **[The Effect of Different Writing Tasks on Linguistic Style: A Case Study of the ROC Story Cloze Task ↗](https://aclanthology.org/K17-1004/) Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL 2017) · no summary yet**Roy Schwartz et al.*2017 · 175 citations*
18. **[DLATK: Differential Language Analysis ToolKit ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D17-2010/) Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations · no summary yet**H. Andrew Schwartz et al.*2017 · 156 citations*
19. **[ProsocialDialog: A Prosocial Backbone for Conversational Agents](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kim-2022-prosocialdialog-prosocial-backbone-conversational-agents/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Hyunwoo Kim, Youngjae Yu, Liwei Jiang, et al.*2022 · 152 citations*
20. **[Modeling Naive Psychology of Characters in Simple Commonsense Stories ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1213/) Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Hannah Rashkin et al.*2018 · 144 citations*
21. [**SOTOPIA: Interactive Evaluation for Social Intelligence in Language Agents arXiv:2310.11667**Xuhui Zhou, Hao Zhu, Leena Mathur, et al.*2023 · 138 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhou-2023-sotopia-interactive-evaluation-social-intelligence/)
22. **[Detoxifying Language Models Risks Marginalizing Minority Voices](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xu-2021-detoxifying-language-models-risks-marginalizing/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Albert Xu, Eshaan Pathak, Eric Wallace, et al.*2021 · 137 citations*
23. **[Connotation Frames of Power and Agency in Modern Films ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D17-1247/) Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Maarten Sap et al.*2017 · 135 citations*
24. **[Commonsense Reasoning for Natural Language Processing ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-tutorials.7/) Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Tutorial Abstracts · no summary yet**Maarten Sap et al.*2020 · 118 citations*
25. **[Value Kaleidoscope: Engaging AI with Pluralistic Human Values, Rights, and Duties](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sorensen-2023-value-kaleidoscope-engaging-ai-pluralistic/) [Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/proceedings-of-the-aaai-conference-on-artificial-intelligence/)**Taylor Sorensen, Liwei Jiang, Jena Hwang, et al.*2023 · 116 citations*
26. **[PowerTransformer: Unsupervised Controllable Revision for Biased Language Correction ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.602/) Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · no summary yet**Xinyao Ma et al.*2020 · 106 citations*
27. **[Just Say No: Analyzing the Stance of Neural Dialogue Generation in Offensive Contexts ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2021.emnlp-main.397/) Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Ashutosh Baheti et al.*2021 · 98 citations*
28. **[NLPositionality: Characterizing Design Biases of Datasets and Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/santy-2023-nlpositionality-characterizing-design-biases-datasets/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Sebastin Santy, Jenny Liang, Ronan Le Bras, et al.*2023 · 95 citations*
29. **[WildTeaming at Scale: From In-the-Wild Jailbreaks to (Adversarially) Safer Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jiang-2024-wildteaming-scale-wild-jailbreaks-adversarially/) [Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/)**Liwei Jiang, Kavel Rao, Seungju Han, et al.*2024 · 92 citations*
30. **[Sounding Board: A User-Centric and Content-Driven Social Chatbot ↗](https://aclanthology.org/N18-5020/) Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Demonstrations · no summary yet**Hao Fang et al.*2018 · 73 citations*
31. **[Detoxifying Text with MaRCo: Controllable Revision with Experts and Anti-Experts ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-short.21/) Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) · no summary yet**Skyler Hallinan et al.*2023 · 55 citations*
32. **[Misinfo Reaction Frames: Reasoning about Readers' Reactions to News Headlines ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2022.acl-long.222/) Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Saadia Gabriel et al.*2022 · 52 citations*
33. **[NormAd: A Framework for Measuring the Cultural Adaptability of Large Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rao-2025-normad-framework-measuring-cultural-adaptability/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Abhinav Rao, Akhila Yerukola, Vishwa Shah, et al.*2025 · 46 citations*
34. **[Investigating machine moral judgement through the Delphi experiment ↗](https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-024-00969-6) Nature Machine Intelligence · no summary yet**Liwei Jiang et al.*2025 · 44 citations*
35. **[BIG5-CHAT: Shaping LLM Personalities Through Training on Human-Grounded Data](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2025-big5-chat-shaping-llm-personalities/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Wenkai Li, Jiarui Liu, Andy Liu, et al.*2025 · 42 citations*
36. **[AutoPresent: Designing Structured Visuals from Scratch ↗](https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52734.2025.00276) IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · no summary yet**Jiaxin Ge et al.*2025 · 27 citations*
37. **[Stereotype or Personalization? User Identity Biases Chatbot Recommendations ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-acl.1254/) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2025 · no summary yet**Anjali Kantharuban et al.*2025 · 24 citations*
38. **[REL-A.I.: An Interaction-Centered Approach To Measuring Human-LM Reliance ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2025.naacl-long.556/) Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Kaitlyn Zhou et al.*2025 · 16 citations*
39. **[The Delta Learning Hypothesis: Preference Tuning on Weak Data can Yield Strong Gains ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06187) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Scott Geng et al.*2025 · 10 citations*
40. **[Training Proactive and Personalized LLM Agents ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.02208) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Weiwei Sun et al.*2025 · 10 citations*
41. **[Synthetic Socratic Debates: Examining Persona Effects on Moral Decision and Persuasion Dynamics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2025-synthetic-socratic-debates-examining-persona/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Jiarui Liu, Yueqi Song, Yunze Xiao, et al.*2025 · 9 citations*
42. **[Don't Take This Out of Context!: On the Need for Contextual Models and Evaluations for Stylistic Rewriting ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.701/) Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Akhila Yerukola et al.*2023 · 9 citations*
43. **[Ambig-SWE: Interactive Agents to Overcome Underspecificity in Software Engineering ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13069) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Sanidhya Vijayvargiya et al.*2025 · 8 citations*
44. **[OpenAgentSafety: A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluating Real-World AI Agent Safety ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.06134) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Sanidhya Vijayvargiya et al.*2025 · 7 citations*
45. **[Crowdsourcing Beyond Annotation: Case Studies in Benchmark Data Collection ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2021.emnlp-tutorials.1/) Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: Tutorial Abstracts · no summary yet**Alane Suhr et al.*2021 · 7 citations*
46. **[Mind the Sim2Real Gap in User Simulation for Agentic Tasks ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.11245) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Xuhui Zhou et al.*2026 · 6 citations*
47. [**Disparities in LLM Reasoning Accuracy and Explanations: A Case Study on African American English arXiv:2503.04099**Runtao Zhou, Guangya Wan, Saadia Gabriel, et al.*2025 · 6 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhou-2025-disparities-llm-reasoning-accuracy-explanations/)
48. **[SOTOPIA-\ensuremath\pi: Interactive Learning of Socially Intelligent Language Agents ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.698/) Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Ruiyi Wang et al.*2024 · 6 citations*
49. **[Social Story Frames: Contextual Reasoning about Narrative Intent and Reception](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mire-2026-social-story-frames-contextual-reasoning/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Joel Mire, Maria Antoniak, Steven R Wilson, et al.*2026 · 1 citation*
50. **[Misinfo Belief Frames: A Case Study on Covid & Climate News. ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08790) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Saadia Gabriel et al.*2021 · 1 citation*
51. **[Reinforcing Human Behavior Simulation via Verbal Feedback ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.20506) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Weiwei Sun et al.*2026*