---
title: "Mark Lee · University of Birmingham — author profile and papers"
description: "Mark Lee, University of Birmingham: 14 papers on Elamur Research (1996–2026), h-index 33 — affiliations, topics, co-authors and who cites…"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/"
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# Mark Lee

Mark Lee has 14 papers in our library, in 1996–2026, most of them on [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/), [Sentiment & emotion](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/sentiment-emotion/), [Named entity recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/named-entity-recognition/); often with [Abdullah I. Alharbi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/abdullah-i-alharbi/), [Alaa Alharbi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/alaa-alharbi/), [Fahd Alotaibi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/fahd-alotaibi/).

14 papers in our library · 1996–2026

[OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/A5100620082) · [ORCID](https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-2045) · [**h-index 33**](https://openalex.org/authors/A5100620082) · [308 works](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5100620082) · [5,644 citations](https://openalex.org/works?filter=author.id:A5100620082&sort=cited_by_count:desc) OpenAlex, 2026-10-14

[📄 14 works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/#papers) · [🔗 Cited 55 times in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/cited-by/) · [1 more in our library without a page yet](#also) · [⭐ Paper Stars ranking: #6019](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/paper-stars/page/61/#star-6019)

The profile is the library's match of the name; two people with one name are not always told apart.

Elsewhere: [Google Scholar](https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=search_authors&mauthors=Mark+Lee) · [Semantic Scholar](https://www.semanticscholar.org/search?q=Mark+Lee) · [dblp](https://dblp.org/search?q=Mark+Lee) · [ACL Anthology](https://aclanthology.org/search/?q=Mark+Lee)

## Affiliations

[🎓**University of Birmingham** Birmingham · United Kingdom 1998–2026 · 106 papersEmployment since 1998 · Senior Lecturer, Computer Science*current*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-birmingham/) · [🎓**University of Sheffield** Sheffield · United Kingdom 1996–1998 · 5 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-sheffield/) · [🎓**University of Cambridge** Cambridge · United Kingdom 2025 · 3 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-cambridge/)

From the bylines of their papers (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14), ORCID and Wikidata; institutions on papers are matched by machine. 1 more institution on single bylines are not listed.

## Fields, topics and concepts

Of its works in our library, with the number of works on each.

📚 Shelves 8 The field of science this work belongs to (OpenAlex fields).[Artificial Intelligence · 14 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · [Computer Science · 14 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · [Arts and Humanities · 11 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · [Language and Linguistics · 11 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · [Communication · 4 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/social-sciences/communication/) · [Social Sciences · 4 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/social-sciences/) · [Experimental and Cognitive Psychology · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/psychology/experimental-and-cognitive-psychology/) · [Psychology · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/psychology/)

🧭 Topics 11 Research subjects and languages the work is about.[Semitic languages · 9 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · [Implicature · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/implicature/) · [Sentiment & emotion · 3 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/sentiment-emotion/) · [Named entity recognition · 2 works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/named-entity-recognition/) · [Speech act theory · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech-act-theory/) · [Evaluation & benchmarks · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/) · [Idioms & multiword expressions · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multiword-expressions/) · [Reasoning · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/) · [Language models & pretraining · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · [Low-resource languages · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/low-resource-languages/) · [Multilingual & cross-lingual NLP · 1 work](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multilingual-nlp/)

## Works by year

### 2020s

[**2026** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/2026/) · [**2022** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/2022/) · [**2021** 2 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/2021/) · [**2020** 2 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/2020/)

### 2010s

[**2019** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/2019/) · [**2014** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/2014/) · [**2013** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/2013/) · [**2012** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/2012/)

### 2000s

[**2008** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/2008/)

### 1990s

[**1998** 2 papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/1998/) · [**1996** 1 paper](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/year/1996/)

## Papers

The most cited first (OpenAlex and our library).

1. **[Kawarith: an Arabic Twitter Corpus for Crisis Events](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2021-kawarith-arabic-twitter-corpus-crisis/)** *(2021 · 25 citations)* Arabic is heavily used on Twitter, yet before this work there was no openly available Arabic corpus covering many different crises.
2. **[Mapping Arabic Wikipedia into the Named Entities Taxonomy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alotaibi-2012-mapping-arabic-wikipedia-into-named/)** *(2012 · 21 citations)* The paper addresses a gap in Arabic named-entity resources: supervised NER needs labelled data beyond newswire, and Arabic Wikipedia (AW) could supply it if each article were linked to an entity type.
3. **[A Hybrid Approach to Features Representation for Fine-grained Arabic Named Entity Recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alotaibi-2014-hybrid-approach-features-representation-fine/)** *(2014 · 20 citations)* Most Arabic NER work tags only a few coarse types, such as person, organisation and location, in news text. This limits downstream uses like question answering. The authors address fine-grained Arabic NER with 50 classes grouped under 8 coarse ones.
4. **[Crisis Detection from Arabic Tweets](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2019-crisis-detection-arabic-tweets/)** *(2019 · 16 citations)* The paper looks at automatically separating flood-related posts from unrelated ones in Arabic Twitter. Arabic social media is hard to process because of dialect variety and unstandardised spelling, and no public Arabic crisis corpus existed. The authors built one themselves. They crawled tweets about ten Middle…
5. **[An ascription-based approach to Speech Acts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lee-1996-ascription-based-approach-speech-acts/)** *(1996 · 16 citations)* The paper argues that speech act processing in dialogue has relied on weak belief models. Earlier systems assumed fixed, precomputed stacks of nested beliefs, including "mutual belief", which in principle regresses forever. The authors build on ViewGen, a Quintus Prolog program by Ballim and Wilks that represents an…
6. **[Multi-task Learning Using a Combination of Contextualised and Static Word Embeddings for Arabic Sarcasm Detection and Sentiment Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2021-multi-task-learning-combination-contextualised/)** *(2021 · 14 citations)* The paper addresses two tasks on Arabic tweets from the WANLP-2021 shared task: deciding whether a tweet is sarcastic and classifying its sentiment as negative, neutral or positive.
7. **[Automatically Developing a Fine-grained Arabic Named Entity Corpus and Gazetteer by utilizing Wikipedia](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alotaibi-2013-automatically-developing-fine-grained-arabic/)** *(2013 · 14 citations)* Arabic named entity recognition has mostly used a few coarse classes, and fine-grained annotated data is expensive to create by hand.
8. **[Eliminating deceptions and mistaken belief to infer conversational implicature](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lee-1998-eliminating-deceptions-mistaken-belief-infer/)** *(1998 · 11 citations)* Caveat: the supplied extraction contains only a page marker ("с. 1") and no body text. This summary relies on the paper's title and publicly known abstract, so treat it as provisional until the full text is checked. Lee and Wilks address a gap in Gricean accounts of conversational implicature. Standard treatments say…
9. **[BhamNLP at SemEval-2020 Task 12: An Ensemble of Different Word Embeddings and Emotion Transfer Learning for Arabic Offensive Language Identification in Social Media](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2020-bhamnlp-semeval-2020-task-12/)** *(2020 · 9 citations)* The paper describes the BhamNLP entry for the Arabic track of OffensEval 2020 (SemEval-2020 Task 12). The task is to label tweets as offensive or not. It is hard because only about a fifth of the tweets are offensive and they mix many Arabic dialects with no fixed spelling norms.
10. **[Combining Character and Word Embeddings for the Detection of Offensive Language in Arabic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2020-combining-character-word-embeddings-detection/)** *(2020 · 8 citations)* The paper tackles the detection of offensive language and hate speech in Arabic tweets for the OSACT4 shared task.
11. **[Textual Entailment as an Evaluation Framework for Metaphor Resolution: A Proposal](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/agerri-2008-textual-entailment-as-evaluation-framework/)** *(2008 · 6 citations)* Metaphor is common in everyday text, yet applied NLP has mostly ignored it. Metaphor-understanding research, for its part, has stayed small-scale: specialised systems receive a few hand-picked inputs, and the researchers themselves decide what the right outputs are. This proposal, adapted from a grant application…
12. **[Rationality, Cooperation and Conversational Implicature](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lee-1998-rationality-cooperation-conversational-implicature/)** *(1998 · 3 citations)* The paper (Mark Lee, 1998) asks how a hearer can work out what a speaker implies but does not say, such as the indirect answer to a yes-no question.
13. **[Classifying Arabic Crisis Tweets using Data Selection and Pre-trained Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2022-classifying-arabic-crisis-tweets-data/)** *(2022 · 1 citation)* The paper addresses classifying Arabic crisis tweets from a new disaster when no labelled tweets for that disaster exist yet.
14. **[Dual-Axis Compositional Contrastive Few-Shot Learning using Prototypes Across Linguistic and Semantic Dimensions for Indic Low-Resource Multilingual NLU](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mitra-2026-dual-axis-compositional-contrastive-few/)** *(2026)* Multilingual intent and domain classifiers usually treat each language–label pair as a separate class. When a new language or a new intent arrives with only a few examples, this tends to destabilise what the model already learned. The authors address this for low-resource Indic languages by splitting the…

## All works

15 works of theirs in our library, the most cited first; 14 with a page here, the others link their original until we summarise them.

1. **[Kawarith: an Arabic Twitter Corpus for Crisis Events](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2021-kawarith-arabic-twitter-corpus-crisis/) [Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop (WANLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/)**Alaa Alharbi, Mark Lee*2021 · 25 citations*
2. **[Mapping Arabic Wikipedia into the Named Entities Taxonomy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alotaibi-2012-mapping-arabic-wikipedia-into-named/) [International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/)**Fahd Alotaibi, Mark Lee*2012 · 21 citations*
3. **[A Hybrid Approach to Features Representation for Fine-grained Arabic Named Entity Recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alotaibi-2014-hybrid-approach-features-representation-fine/) [International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/)**Fahd Alotaibi, Mark Lee*2014 · 20 citations*
4. **[Crisis Detection from Arabic Tweets](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2019-crisis-detection-arabic-tweets/) [Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wacl/)**Alaa Alharbi, Mark Lee*2019 · 16 citations*
5. **[An ascription-based approach to Speech Acts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lee-1996-ascription-based-approach-speech-acts/) [International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/)**Mark Lee, Yorick Wilks*1996 · 16 citations*
6. **[Multi-task Learning Using a Combination of Contextualised and Static Word Embeddings for Arabic Sarcasm Detection and Sentiment Analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2021-multi-task-learning-combination-contextualised/) [Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop (WANLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/)**Abdullah I. Alharbi, Mark Lee*2021 · 14 citations*
7. **[Automatically Developing a Fine-grained Arabic Named Entity Corpus and Gazetteer by utilizing Wikipedia](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alotaibi-2013-automatically-developing-fine-grained-arabic/) [International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/ijcnlp/)**Fahd Alotaibi, Mark Lee*2013 · 14 citations*
8. [**Eliminating deceptions and mistaken belief to infer conversational implicature arXiv:cmp-lg/9806005**Mark Lee, Yorick Wilks*1998 · 11 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lee-1998-eliminating-deceptions-mistaken-belief-infer/)
9. **[BhamNLP at SemEval-2020 Task 12: An Ensemble of Different Word Embeddings and Emotion Transfer Learning for Arabic Offensive Language Identification in Social Media](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2020-bhamnlp-semeval-2020-task-12/) [International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semeval/)**Abdullah I. Alharbi, Mark Lee*2020 · 9 citations*
10. **[Combining Character and Word Embeddings for the Detection of Offensive Language in Arabic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2020-combining-character-word-embeddings-detection/) [Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools with Shared Tasks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/osact/)**Abdullah I. Alharbi, Mark Lee*2020 · 8 citations*
11. **[Textual Entailment as an Evaluation Framework for Metaphor Resolution: A Proposal](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/agerri-2008-textual-entailment-as-evaluation-framework/) [Semantics in Text Processing. STEP Conference Proceedings](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semantics-in-text-processing-step-conference-proceedings/)**Rodrigo Agerri, John Barnden, Mark Lee, et al.*2008 · 6 citations*
12. **[Comparative Evaluation of Machine Translation Models Using Human-Translated Social Media Posts as References: Human-Translated Datasets ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2025.loresmt-1.1/) Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Technologies for Machine Translation of Low-Resource Languages (LoResMT 2025) · no summary yet**Shareefa Ahmed Al Amer, Mark G. Lee, Phillip Smith*2025 · 3 citations*
13. [**Rationality, Cooperation and Conversational Implicature arXiv:cmp-lg/9806004**Mark Lee*1998 · 3 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lee-1998-rationality-cooperation-conversational-implicature/)
14. **[Classifying Arabic Crisis Tweets using Data Selection and Pre-trained Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alharbi-2022-classifying-arabic-crisis-tweets-data/) [Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools with Shared Tasks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/osact/)**Alaa Alharbi, Mark Lee*2022 · 1 citation*
15. **[Dual-Axis Compositional Contrastive Few-Shot Learning using Prototypes Across Linguistic and Semantic Dimensions for Indic Low-Resource Multilingual NLU](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mitra-2026-dual-axis-compositional-contrastive-few/) [Workshop on Language Technology for Equality, Diversity, Inclusion](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/ltedi/)**Kathakali Mitra, Sakshi Singh, Sree Nithish Reddy Gunapati, et al.*2026*

## Co-authors here

6 co-authors with a page, the most papers together first.

- [Abdullah I. Alharbi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/abdullah-i-alharbi/) ×3
- [Alaa Alharbi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/alaa-alharbi/) ×3
- [Fahd Alotaibi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/fahd-alotaibi/) ×3
- [Yorick Wilks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yorick-wilks/) ×2
- [John Barnden](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/john-barnden/)
- [Rodrigo Agerri](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/rodrigo-agerri/)

## Venues

Where their works here were published, the most works first, with the editions of those that have a page.

- [International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/) ×3: [COLING 2014](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/2014/), [COLING 2012](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/2012/), [COLING 1996](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/coling/1996/)
- [Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools with Shared Tasks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/osact/) ×2: [Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools with Shared Tasks 2022](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/osact/2022/), [Workshop on Open-Source Arabic Corpora and Processing Tools with Shared Tasks 2020](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/osact/2020/)
- [Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop (WANLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/) ×2: [WANLP 2021](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/2021/) ×2
- [International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/ijcnlp/): [IJCNLP 2013](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/ijcnlp/2013/)
- [Workshop on Language Technology for Equality, Diversity, Inclusion](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/ltedi/): [Workshop on Language Technology for Equality, Diversity, Inclusion 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/ltedi/2026/)
- [Semantics in Text Processing. STEP Conference Proceedings](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semantics-in-text-processing-step-conference-proceedings/): [Semantics in Text Processing. STEP Conference Proceedings 2008](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semantics-in-text-processing-step-conference-proceedings/2008/)
- [International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semeval/): [SemEval 2020](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semeval/2020/)
- [Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wacl/): [Workshop on Arabic Corpus Linguistics 2019](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wacl/2019/)
- Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Technologies for Machine Translation of Low-Resource Languages (LoResMT 2025)

## Cited by

Papers of our library cite their works 55 times (of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read); [30 citing papers with a page here →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mark-lee/cited-by/).

Updated 1 November 2026