---
title: "Noah A. Smith — all works — Elamur Research"
description: "All 148 works of Noah A. Smith in the Elamur Research library, the most cited first: our summaries where we have them, else the original."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/works/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/works/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [authors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/) / [Noah A. Smith](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/) / all works

# Noah A. Smith — all works

148 works · page 1 of 2 · 1–100 · [← Noah A. Smith](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/)

**1** [2](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/works/page/2/) [next →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/works/page/2/)

1. **[Don't Stop Pretraining: Adapt Language Models to Domains and Tasks ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.740/) Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · no summary yet**Suchin Gururangan et al.*2020 · 3,079 citations*
2. **[Self-Instruct: Aligning Language Models with Self-Generated Instructions ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.754/) Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Yizhong Wang et al.*2023 · 2,054 citations*
3. **[Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Data](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gururangan-2018-annotation-artifacts-natural-language-inference/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Suchin Gururangan, Swabha Swayamdipta, Omer Levy, et al.*2018 · 1,615 citations*
4. **[RealToxicityPrompts: Evaluating Neural Toxic Degeneration in Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gehman-2020-realtoxicityprompts-evaluating-neural-toxic-degeneration/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Samuel Gehman, Suchin Gururangan, Maarten Sap, et al.*2020 · 1,306 citations*
5. **[The Risk of Racial Bias in Hate Speech Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sap-2019-risk-racial-bias-hate-speech/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Maarten Sap, Dallas Card, Saadia Gabriel, et al.*2019 · 1,164 citations*
6. **[Linguistic Knowledge and Transferability of Contextual Representations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2019-linguistic-knowledge-transferability-contextual-representations/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Nelson F. Liu, Matt Gardner, Yonatan Belinkov, et al.*2019 · 1,021 citations*
7. **[Knowledge Enhanced Contextual Word Representations ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D19-1005/) Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP) · no summary yet**Matthew E. Peters et al.*2019 · 942 citations*
8. **[Is Attention Interpretable?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/serrano-2019-is-attention-interpretable/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Sofia Serrano, Noah A. Smith*2019 · 899 citations*
9. [**Transition-Based Dependency Parsing with Stack Long Short-Term Memory**Chris Dyer, Miguel Ballesteros, Wang Ling, et al.*English · 868 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/dyer-2015-transition-based-dependency-parsing-stack/)
10. **[Measuring and Narrowing the Compositionality Gap in Language Models ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-emnlp.378/) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 · no summary yet**Ofir Press et al.*2023 · 776 citations*
11. **[Recurrent Neural Network Grammars ↗](https://aclanthology.org/N16-1024/) Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies · no summary yet**Chris Dyer et al.*2016 · 770 citations*
12. **[Part-of-Speech Tagging for Twitter: Annotation, Features, and Experiments](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gimpel-2011-part-speech-tagging-twitter-annotation/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Kevin Gimpel, Nathan Schneider, Brendan O'Connor, et al.*2011 · 769 citations*
13. **[The Web as a Parallel Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/resnik-2003-web-as-parallel-corpus/) [Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/)**Philip Resnik, Noah A. Smith*2003 · 705 citations*
14. **[Social Bias Frames: Reasoning about Social and Power Implications of Language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sap-2020-social-bias-frames-reasoning-about/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Maarten Sap, Saadia Gabriel, Lianhui Qin, et al.*2020 · 684 citations*
15. **[Evaluating Gender Bias in Machine Translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stanovsky-2019-evaluating-gender-bias-machine-translation/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Gabriel Stanovsky, Noah A. Smith, Luke Zettlemoyer*2019 · 593 citations*
16. **[Dataset Cartography: Mapping and Diagnosing Datasets with Training Dynamics ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.746/) Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · no summary yet**Swabha Swayamdipta et al.*2020 · 535 citations*
17. [**Evaluating Models' Local Decision Boundaries via Contrast Sets**Matt Gardner, Yoav Artzi, Victoria Basmov, et al.*Mova's core list · 531 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gardner-2020-evaluating-models-local-decision-boundaries/)
18. **[To Tune or Not to Tune? Adapting Pretrained Representations to Diverse Tasks ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.05987) arXiv:1903.05987 · no summary yet**Matthew E. Peters, Sebastian Ruder, Noah A. Smith*2019 · 522 citations*
19. **[What is the Jeopardy Model? A Quasi-Synchronous Grammar for QA](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2007-what-is-jeopardy-model-quasi/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Mengqiu Wang, Noah A. Smith, Teruko Mitamura*2007 · 514 citations*
20. **[A Discriminative Graph-Based Parser for the Abstract Meaning Representation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/flanigan-2014-discriminative-graph-based-parser-abstract/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Jeffrey Flanigan, Sam Thomson, Jaime Carbonell, et al.*2014 · 508 citations*
21. **[Contrastive Estimation: Training Log-Linear Models on Unlabeled Data](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/smith-2005-contrastive-estimation-training-log-linear/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Noah A. Smith, Jason Eisner*2005 · 450 citations*
22. **[OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.841/) Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Dirk Groeneveld et al.*2024 · 429 citations*
23. **[All That's ‘Human' Is Not Gold: Evaluating Human Evaluation of Generated Text ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2021.acl-long.565/) Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Elizabeth Clark et al.*2021 · 421 citations*
24. **[Train Short, Test Long: Attention with Linear Biases Enables Input Length Extrapolation ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.12409) arXiv:2108.12409 · no summary yet**Ofir Press, Noah A. Smith, Mike Lewis*2021 · 417 citations*
25. **[Frame-Semantic Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/das-2014-frame-semantic-parsing/) [Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cl/)**Dipanjan Das, Desai Chen, André F. T. Martins, et al.*2014 · 412 citations*
26. **[DExperts: Decoding-Time Controlled Text Generation with Experts and Anti-Experts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2021-dexperts-decoding-time-controlled-text/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Alisa Liu, Maarten Sap, Ximing Lu, et al.*2021 · 409 citations*
27. [**Massively Multilingual Word Embeddings arXiv:1602.01925**Waleed Ammar, George Mulcaire, Yulia Tsvetkov, et al.*2016 · 404 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ammar-2016-massively-multilingual-word-embeddings/)
28. **[Improved Transition-based Parsing by Modeling Characters instead of Words with LSTMs](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ballesteros-2015-improved-transition-based-parsing-modeling/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Miguel Ballesteros, Chris Dyer, Noah A. Smith*2015 · 403 citations*
29. [**Green AI arXiv:1907.10597**Roy Schwartz, Jesse Dodge, Noah A. Smith, et al.*2019 · 389 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schwartz-2019-green-ai/)
30. **[A Dataset of Information-Seeking Questions and Answers Anchored in Research Papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/dasigi-2021-dataset-information-seeking-questions-answers/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Pradeep Dasigi, Kyle Lo, Iz Beltagy, et al.*2021 · 384 citations*
31. **[Many Languages, One Parser](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ammar-2016-many-languages-one-parser/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Waleed Ammar, George Mulcaire, Miguel Ballesteros, et al.*2016 · 382 citations*
32. **[Annotators with Attitudes: How Annotator Beliefs And Identities Bias Toxic Language Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sap-2022-annotators-attitudes-how-annotator-beliefs/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Maarten Sap, Swabha Swayamdipta, Laura Vianna, et al.*2022 · 367 citations*
33. **[The Media Frames Corpus: Annotations of Frames Across Issues](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/card-2015-media-frames-corpus-annotations-frames/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Dallas Card, Amber E. Boydstun, Justin H. Gross, et al.*2015 · 363 citations*
34. **[Show Your Work: Improved Reporting of Experimental Results ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D19-1224/) Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP) · no summary yet**Jesse Dodge et al.*2019 · 355 citations*
35. **[Toward Abstractive Summarization Using Semantic Representations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2015-abstractive-summarization-semantic-representations/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Fei Liu, Jeffrey Flanigan, Sam Thomson, et al.*2015 · 338 citations*
36. **[How Far Can Camels Go? Exploring the State of Instruction Tuning on Open Resources](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2023-far-camels-go-exploring-state/) [Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/)**Yizhong Wang, Hamish Ivison, Pradeep Dasigi, et al.*2023 · 317 citations*
37. [**WANLI: Worker and AI Collaboration for Natural Language Inference Dataset Creation arXiv:2201.05955**Alisa Liu, Swabha Swayamdipta, Noah A. Smith, et al.*2022 · 317 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2022-wanli-worker-ai-collaboration-natural/)
38. [**A Dependency Parser for Tweets**Lingpeng Kong, Nathan Schneider, Swabha Swayamdipta, et al.*English · 298 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kong-2014-dependency-parser-tweets/)
39. **[A Bayesian Mixed Effects Model of Literary Character](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bamman-2014-bayesian-mixed-effects-model-literary/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**David Bamman, Ted Underwood, Noah A. Smith*2014 · 285 citations*
40. **[Paraphrase Identification as Probabilistic Quasi-Synchronous Recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/das-2009-paraphrase-identification-as-probabilistic-quasi/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Dipanjan Das, Noah A. Smith*2009 · 278 citations*
41. **[Event2Mind: Commonsense Inference on Events, Intents, and Reactions ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1043/) Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Hannah Rashkin et al.*2018 · 270 citations*
42. **[2 OLMo 2 Furious ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.00656) arXiv:2501.00656 · no summary yet**Team OLMo et al.*2025 · 262 citations*
43. [**Quoref: A Reading Comprehension Dataset with Questions Requiring Coreferential Reasoning**Pradeep Dasigi, Nelson F. Liu, Ana Marasovic, et al.*English · 259 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/dasigi-2019-quoref-reading-comprehension-dataset-questions/)
44. **[The Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/keung-2020-multilingual-amazon-reviews-corpus/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Phillip Keung, Yichao Lu, György Szarvas, et al.*2020 · 257 citations*
45. **[Neural Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition with Minimal Resources](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xie-2018-neural-cross-lingual-named-entity/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Jiateng Xie, Zhilin Yang, Graham Neubig, et al.*2018 · 249 citations*
46. **[Improved Part-of-Speech Tagging for Online Conversational Text with Word Clusters](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/owoputi-2013-improved-part-speech-tagging-online/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Olutobi Owoputi, Brendan O'Connor, Chris Dyer, et al.*2013 · 247 citations*
47. **[Sparse Overcomplete Word Vector Representations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/faruqui-2015-sparse-overcomplete-word-vector-representations/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Manaal Faruqui, Yulia Tsvetkov, Dani Yogatama, et al.*2015 · 228 citations*
48. [**How Language Model Hallucinations Can Snowball arXiv:2305.13534**Muru Zhang, Ofir Press, William Merrill, et al.*2023 · 226 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2023-language-model-hallucinations-snowball/)
49. [**Fine-Grained Human Feedback Gives Better Rewards for Language Model Training arXiv:2306.01693**Zeqiu Wu, Yushi Hu, Weijia Shi, et al.*2023 · 223 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wu-2023-fine-grained-human-feedback-gives/)
50. **[Measuring Association Between Labels and Free-Text Rationales](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wiegreffe-2021-measuring-association-between-labels-free/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Sarah Wiegreffe, Ana Marasović, Noah A. Smith*2021 · 220 citations*
51. **[TIFA: Accurate and Interpretable Text-to-Image Faithfulness Evaluation with Question Answering ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11897) arXiv:2303.11897 · no summary yet**Yushi Hu et al.*2023 · 218 citations*
52. **[Demystifying Prompts in Language Models via Perplexity Estimation ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.04037) arXiv:2212.04037 · no summary yet**Hila Gonen et al.*2022 · 213 citations*
53. **[Selective Annotation Makes Language Models Better Few-Shot Learners ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.01975) arXiv:2209.01975 · no summary yet**Hongjin Su et al.*2022 · 211 citations*
54. **[Deep Multitask Learning for Semantic Dependency Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/peng-2017-deep-multitask-learning-semantic-dependency/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Hao Peng, Sam Thomson, Noah A. Smith*2017 · 211 citations*
55. **[Sentence Mover's Similarity: Automatic Evaluation for Multi-Sentence Texts](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/clark-2019-sentence-mover-s-similarity-automatic/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Elizabeth Clark, Asli Celikyilmaz, Noah A. Smith*2019 · 209 citations*
56. [**Camels in a Changing Climate: Enhancing LM Adaptation with Tulu 2 arXiv:2311.10702**Hamish Ivison, Yizhong Wang, Valentina Pyatkin, et al.*2023 · 207 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ivison-2023-camels-changing-climate-enhancing-lm/)
57. **[BLINK: Multimodal Large Language Models Can See but Not Perceive ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.12390) arXiv:2404.12390 · no summary yet**Xingyu Fu et al.*2024 · 206 citations*
58. **[The Right Tool for the Job: Matching Model and Instance Complexities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schwartz-2020-right-tool-job-matching-model/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Roy Schwartz, Gabriel Stanovsky, Swabha Swayamdipta, et al.*2020 · 196 citations*
59. [**One Embedder, Any Task: Instruction-Finetuned Text Embeddings arXiv:2212.09741**Hongjin Su, Weijia Shi, Jungo Kasai, et al.*2022 · 194 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/su-2022-one-embedder-any-task-instruction/)
60. **[Challenges in Automated Debiasing for Toxic Language Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhou-2021-challenges-automated-debiasing-toxic-language/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Xuhui Zhou, Maarten Sap, Swabha Swayamdipta, et al.*2021 · 191 citations*
61. **[RealTime QA: What's the Answer Right Now?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kasai-2022-realtime-qa-s-answer-right/) [Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/)**Jungo Kasai, Keisuke Sakaguchi, Yoichi Takahashi, et al.*2022 · 181 citations*
62. **[Neural Discourse Structure for Text Categorization](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ji-2017-neural-discourse-structure-text-categorization/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Yangfeng Ji, Noah A. Smith*2017 · 181 citations*
63. **[Shared Logistic Normal Distributions for Soft Parameter Tying in Unsupervised Grammar Induction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cohen-2009-shared-logistic-normal-distributions-soft/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Shay B. Cohen, Noah A. Smith*2009 · 177 citations*
64. **[The Effect of Different Writing Tasks on Linguistic Style: A Case Study of the ROC Story Cloze Task ↗](https://aclanthology.org/K17-1004/) Proceedings of the 21st Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL 2017) · no summary yet**Roy Schwartz et al.*2017 · 175 citations*
65. **[Do All Languages Cost the Same? Tokenization in the Era of Commercial Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ahia-2023-do-all-languages-cost-same/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Orevaoghene Ahia, Sachin Kumar, Hila Gonen, et al.*2023 · 174 citations*
66. [**Binding Language Models in Symbolic Languages arXiv:2210.02875**Zhoujun Cheng, Tianbao Xie, Peng Shi, et al.*2022 · 170 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cheng-2022-binding-language-models-symbolic-languages/)
67. **[Neural Text Generation in Stories Using Entity Representations as Context ↗](https://aclanthology.org/N18-1204/) Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers) · no summary yet**Elizabeth Clark, Yangfeng Ji, Noah A. Smith*2018 · 166 citations*
68. [**Frame-Semantic Parsing with Softmax-Margin Segmental RNNs and a Syntactic Scaffold arXiv:1706.09528**Swabha Swayamdipta, Sam Thomson, Chris Dyer, et al.*2017 · 160 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/swayamdipta-2017-frame-semantic-parsing-softmax-margin/)
69. **[Discriminative Lexical Semantic Segmentation with Gaps: Running the MWE Gamut](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schneider-2014-discriminative-lexical-semantic-segmentation-gaps/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Nathan Schneider, Emily Danchik, Chris Dyer, et al.*2014 · 159 citations*
70. **[Is GPT-3 Text Indistinguishable from Human Text? Scarecrow: A Framework for Scrutinizing Machine Text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/dou-2022-is-gpt-3-text-indistinguishable/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Yao Dou, Maxwell Forbes, Rik Koncel-Kedziorski, et al.*2022 · 152 citations*
71. [**Generation from Abstract Meaning Representation using Tree Transducers**Jeffrey Flanigan, Chris Dyer, Noah A. Smith, et al.*Machine translation · 152 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/flanigan-2016-generation-abstract-meaning-representation-tree/)
72. **[In-Context Learning for Few-Shot Dialogue State Tracking](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hu-2022-context-learning-few-shot-dialogue/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Yushi Hu, Chia-Hsuan Lee, Tianbao Xie, et al.*2022 · 144 citations*
73. **[Competency Problems: On Finding and Removing Artifacts in Language Data ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2021.emnlp-main.135/) Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Matt Gardner et al.*2021 · 144 citations*
74. **[Dynamic Entity Representations in Neural Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ji-2017-dynamic-entity-representations-neural-language/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Yangfeng Ji, Chenhao Tan, Sebastian Martschat, et al.*2017 · 144 citations*
75. **[Syntactic Scaffolds for Semantic Structures ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D18-1412/) Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Swabha Swayamdipta et al.*2018 · 142 citations*
76. **[NeuroLogic A*esque Decoding: Constrained Text Generation with Lookahead Heuristics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lu-2022-neurologic-esque-decoding-constrained-text/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Ximing Lu, Sean Welleck, Peter West, et al.*2022 · 140 citations*
77. **[Narrative framing of consumer sentiment in online restaurant reviews ↗](https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v19i4.4944) First Monday · no summary yet**Dan Jurafsky et al.*2014 · 140 citations*
78. **[Inoculation by Fine-Tuning: A Method for Analyzing Challenge Datasets](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2019-inoculation-fine-tuning-method-analyzing/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Nelson F. Liu, Roy Schwartz, Noah A. Smith*2019 · 138 citations*
79. **[Thinking Like a Skeptic: Defeasible Inference in Natural Language ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2020.findings-emnlp.418/) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020 · no summary yet**Rachel Rudinger et al.*2020 · 137 citations*
80. **[One Embedder, Any Task: Instruction-Finetuned Text Embeddings ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-acl.71/) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023 · no summary yet**Hongjin Su et al.*2023 · 135 citations*
81. [**Deep Encoder, Shallow Decoder: Reevaluating Non-autoregressive Machine Translation arXiv:2006.10369**Jungo Kasai, Nikolaos Pappas, Hao Peng, et al.*2020 · 134 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kasai-2020-deep-encoder-shallow-decoder-reevaluating/)
82. **[Variational Pretraining for Semi-supervised Text Classification ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P19-1590/) Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · no summary yet**Suchin Gururangan et al.*2019 · 134 citations*
83. [**Parsing Tweets into Universal Dependencies**Yijia Liu, Yi Zhu, Wanxiang Che, et al.*English · 121 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2018-parsing-tweets-into-universal-dependencies/)
84. [**Comprehensive Annotation of Multiword Expressions in a Social Web Corpus**Nathan Schneider, Spencer Onuffer, Nora Kazour, et al.*English · 120 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schneider-2014-comprehensive-annotation-multiword-expressions-social/)
85. **[Robust Navigation with Language Pretraining and Stochastic Sampling ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D19-1159/) Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP) · no summary yet**Xiujun Li et al.*2019 · 116 citations*
86. **[Branch-Train-Merge: Embarrassingly Parallel Training of Expert Language Models ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.03306) arXiv:2208.03306 · no summary yet**Margaret Li et al.*2022 · 114 citations*
87. [**A Corpus and Model Integrating Multiword Expressions and Supersenses**Nathan Schneider, Noah A. Smith*English · 111 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schneider-2015-corpus-model-integrating-multiword-expressions/)
88. **[We're Afraid Language Models Aren't Modeling Ambiguity](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2023-we-re-afraid-language-models/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Alisa Liu, Zhaofeng Wu, Julian Michael, et al.*2023 · 110 citations*
89. **[Polyglot Contextual Representations Improve Crosslingual Transfer ↗](https://aclanthology.org/N19-1392/) Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers) · no summary yet**Phoebe Mulcaire, Jungo Kasai, Noah A. Smith*2019 · 110 citations*
90. **[Learning Joint Semantic Parsers from Disjoint Data ↗](https://aclanthology.org/N18-1135/) Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers) · no summary yet**Hao Peng et al.*2018 · 110 citations*
91. **[A Latent Variable Model for Geographic Lexical Variation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/eisenstein-2010-latent-variable-model-geographic-lexical/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Jacob Eisenstein, Brendan O'Connor, Noah A. Smith, et al.*2010 · 110 citations*
92. **[Parsing with Multilingual BERT, a Small Corpus, and a Small Treebank](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chau-2020-parsing-multilingual-bert-small-corpus/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Ethan C. Chau, Lucy H. Lin, Noah A. Smith*2020 · 104 citations*
93. **[Time Waits for No One! Analysis and Challenges of Temporal Misalignment](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/luu-2022-time-waits-no-one-analysis/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Kelvin Luu, Daniel Khashabi, Suchin Gururangan, et al.*2022 · 102 citations*
94. **[Learning Latent Personas of Film Characters](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bamman-2013-learning-latent-personas-film-characters/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**David Bamman, Brendan O'Connor, Noah A. Smith*2013 · 101 citations*
95. **[Training with Exploration Improves a Greedy Stack LSTM Parser ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D16-1211/) Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Miguel Ballesteros et al.*2016 · 99 citations*
96. **[Analyzing Framing through the Casts of Characters in the News ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D16-1148/) Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Dallas Card et al.*2016 · 97 citations*
97. [**Turning on the Turbo: Fast Third-Order Non-Projective Turbo Parsers**André Martins, Miguel Almeida, Noah A. Smith*English · 97 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/martins-2013-turning-turbo-fast-third-order/)
98. **[Probing Across Time: What Does RoBERTa Know and When?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2021-probing-across-time-what-does/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Leo Z. Liu, Yizhong Wang, Jungo Kasai, et al.*2021 · 96 citations*
99. **[What's In My Big Data? ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.20707) arXiv:2310.20707 · no summary yet**Yanai Elazar et al.*2023 · 92 citations*
100. **[Whose Language Counts as High Quality? Measuring Language Ideologies in Text Data Selection ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.165/) Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Suchin Gururangan et al.*2022 · 89 citations*

**1** [2](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/works/page/2/) [next →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/works/page/2/)