---
title: "Noah D. Goodman — all works — Elamur Research"
description: "All 60 works of Noah D. Goodman in the Elamur Research library, the most cited first: our summaries where we have them, else the original."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-d-goodman/works/"
---
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# Noah D. Goodman — all works

60 works · [← Noah D. Goodman](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-d-goodman/)

1. **[Predicting Pragmatic Reasoning in Language Games](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/frank-2012-predicting-pragmatic-reasoning-language-games/) [Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/science/)**Michael C. Frank, Noah D. Goodman*2012 · 1,014 citations*
2. [**STaR: Bootstrapping Reasoning With Reasoning**Eric Zelikman, Yuhuai Wu, Jesse Mu, et al.*Mova's core list · 777 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zelikman-2022-star-bootstrapping-reasoning-reasoning/)
3. **[Pragmatic Language Interpretation as Probabilistic Inference ↗](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.08.005) Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20(11):818–829 · no summary yet**Noah D. Goodman, Michael C. Frank*2016 · 706 citations*
4. **[Knowledge and Implicature: Modeling Language Understanding as Social Cognition ↗](https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12007) Topics in Cognitive Science 5(1):173–184 · no summary yet**Noah D. Goodman, Andreas Stuhlmüller*2013 · 447 citations*
5. [**Nonliteral understanding of number words**Justine T. Kao, Jean Y. Wu, Leon Bergen, et al.*English · 214 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kao-2014-nonliteral-understanding-number-words/)
6. **[Pragmatic reasoning through semantic inference ↗](https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.9.20) Semantics and Pragmatics 9(20) · no summary yet**Leon Bergen, Roger Levy, Noah D. Goodman*2016 · 195 citations*
7. **[Learning to Compress Prompts with Gist Tokens](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mu-2023-learning-compress-prompts-gist-tokens/) [Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/)**Jesse Mu, Xiang Lisa Li, Noah Goodman*2023 · 178 citations*
8. **[Colors in Context: A Pragmatic Neural Model for Grounded Language Understanding](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/monroe-2017-colors-context-pragmatic-neural-model/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Will Monroe, Robert X.D. Hawkins, Noah D. Goodman, et al.*2017 · 156 citations*
9. **[DisSent: Learning Sentence Representations from Explicit Discourse Relations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nie-2019-dissent-learning-sentence-representations-explicit/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Allen Nie, Erin Bennett, Noah Goodman*2019 · 134 citations*
10. [**Cognitive Behaviors that Enable Self-Improving Reasoners, or, Four Habits of Highly Effective STaRs arXiv:2503.01307**Kanishk Gandhi, Ayush Chakravarthy, Anikait Singh, et al.*2025 · 123 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gandhi-2025-cognitive-behaviors-that-enable-self/)
11. **[Pragmatically Informative Image Captioning with Character-Level Inference](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gordon-2018-pragmatically-informative-image-captioning-character/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Reuben Cohn-Gordon, Noah Goodman, Christopher Potts*2018 · 103 citations*
12. **[Learning the Preferences of Ignorant, Inconsistent Agents ↗](https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v30i1.10010) Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · no summary yet**Owain Evans, Andreas Stuhlmüller, Noah D. Goodman*2016 · 90 citations*
13. **[Interpretability at Scale: Identifying Causal Mechanisms in Alpaca](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wu-2023-interpretability-scale-identifying-causal-mechanisms/) [Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/)**Zhengxuan Wu, Atticus Geiger, Thomas Icard, et al.*2023 · 81 citations*
14. **[Finding Alignments Between Interpretable Causal Variables and Distributed Neural Representations ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.02536) arXiv:2303.02536 · no summary yet**Atticus Geiger et al.*2023 · 81 citations*
15. **[Solving Math Word Problems by Combining Language Models With Symbolic Solvers ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.09102) arXiv:2304.09102 · no summary yet**Joy He-Yueya et al.*2023 · 77 citations*
16. **[Bias and Generalization in Deep Generative Models: An Empirical Study ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.03259) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Shengjia Zhao et al.*2018 · 70 citations*
17. **[Characterizing the dynamics of learning in repeated reference games](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hawkins-2019-characterizing-dynamics-learning-repeated-reference/) [Cognitive Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/cognitive-science/)**Robert D. Hawkins, Michael C. Frank, Noah D. Goodman*2019 · 67 citations*
18. **[Causal Abstraction: A Theoretical Foundation for Mechanistic Interpretability ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.04709) arXiv:2301.04709 · no summary yet**Atticus Geiger et al.*2023 · 65 citations*
19. **[Why think step by step? Reasoning emerges from the locality of experience ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.03843) arXiv:2304.03843 · no summary yet**Ben Prystawski, Michael Y. Li, Noah D. Goodman*2023 · 65 citations*
20. **[Parsel: Algorithmic Reasoning with Language Models by Composing Decompositions ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2212.10561) arXiv:2212.10561 · no summary yet**Eric Zelikman et al.*2023 · 56 citations*
21. **[Inducing Causal Structure for Interpretable Neural Networks ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2112.00826) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Atticus Geiger et al.*2021 · 53 citations*
22. **[Stream of Search (SoS): Learning to Search in Language ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.03683) arXiv:2404.03683 · no summary yet**Kanishk Gandhi et al.*2024 · 49 citations*
23. **[Shaping Visual Representations with Language for Few-Shot Classification ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.436/) Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · no summary yet**Jesse Mu, Percy Liang, Noah Goodman*2020 · 44 citations*
24. **[STaR-GATE: Teaching Language Models to Ask Clarifying Questions ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.19154) arXiv:2403.19154 · no summary yet**Chinmaya Andukuri et al.*2024 · 43 citations*
25. **[An information-theoretic explanation of adjective ordering preferences ↗](https://openalex.org/W2941160255) eScholarship (California Digital Library) · no summary yet**Michael Hahn et al.*2018 · 43 citations*
26. **[Strategic Reasoning with Language Models ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.19165) arXiv:2305.19165 · no summary yet**Kanishk Gandhi, Dorsa Sadigh, Noah D. Goodman*2023 · 40 citations*
27. **[Continual Adaptation for Efficient Machine Communication](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hawkins-2020-continual-adaptation-efficient-machine-communication/) [Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/conll/)**Robert Hawkins, Minae Kwon, Dorsa Sadigh, et al.*2020 · 38 citations*
28. [**An Incremental Iterated Response Model of Pragmatics Proceedings of the Society for Computation in Linguistics (SCiL) 2019**Reuben Cohn-Gordon, Noah Goodman, Christopher Potts*2019 · 35 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gordon-2019-incremental-iterated-response-model-pragmatics/)
29. **[Concadia: Towards Image-Based Text Generation with a Purpose ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.308/) Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Elisa Kreiss et al.*2022 · 32 citations*
30. **[Planning, Inference and Pragmatics in Sequential Language Games](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/khani-2018-planning-inference-pragmatics-sequential-language/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Fereshte Khani, Noah D. Goodman, Percy Liang*2018 · 31 citations*
31. **[Learning to Generate Compositional Color Descriptions ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D16-1243/) Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Will Monroe, Noah D. Goodman, Christopher Potts*2016 · 27 citations*
32. **[pyvene: A Library for Understanding and Improving PyTorch Models via Interventions ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.07809) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Zhengxuan Wu et al.*2024 · 26 citations*
33. **[Causal Distillation for Language Models ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2022.naacl-main.318/) Proceedings of the 2022 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies · no summary yet**Zhengxuan Wu et al.*2022 · 25 citations*
34. **[Learning Formal Mathematics From Intrinsic Motivation ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.00695) arXiv:2407.00695 · no summary yet**Gabriel Poesia et al.*2024 · 23 citations*
35. **[Certified Deductive Reasoning with Language Models ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.04031) arXiv:2306.04031 · no summary yet**Gabriel Poesia et al.*2023 · 23 citations*
36. **[Language Through a Prism: A Spectral Approach for Multiscale Language Representations ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.04823) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Alex Tamkin, Dan Jurafsky, Noah D. Goodman*2020 · 22 citations*
37. **[Meta-Amortized Variational Inference and Learning ↗](https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.6111) Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · no summary yet**Mike Wu et al.*2020 · 21 citations*
38. **[Peano: Learning Formal Mathematical Reasoning ↗](https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2022.0044) arXiv:2211.15864 · no summary yet**Gabriel Poesia, Noah D. Goodman*2022 · 19 citations*
39. **[Learning to refer informatively by amortizing pragmatic reasoning ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.00418) arXiv:2006.00418 · no summary yet**Julia White, Jesse Mu, Noah D. Goodman*2020 · 19 citations*
40. **[Is Child-Directed Speech Effective Training Data for Language Models?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/feng-2024-is-child-directed-speech-effective/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Steven Y. Feng, Noah D. Goodman, Michael C. Frank*2024 · 18 citations*
41. **[Psychologically-informed chain-of-thought prompts for metaphor understanding in large language models ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.08141) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Ben Prystawski et al.*2022 · 17 citations*
42. **[Self-Supervised Alignment with Mutual Information: Learning to Follow Principles without Preference Labels](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/franken-2024-self-supervised-alignment-mutual-information/) [Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/)**Jan-Philipp Franken, Eric Zelikman, Rafael Rafailov, et al.*2024 · 16 citations*
43. **[Value Profiles for Encoding Human Variation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sorensen-2025-value-profiles-encoding-human-variation/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Taylor Sorensen, Pushkar Mishra, Roma Patel, et al.*2025 · 15 citations*
44. **[Automated Statistical Model Discovery with Language Models ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.17879) arXiv:2402.17879 · no summary yet**Michael Y. Li, Emily B. Fox, Noah D. Goodman*2024 · 14 citations*
45. [**Psychometric Alignment: Capturing Human Knowledge Distributions via Language Models arXiv:2407.15645**Joy He-Yueya, Wanjing Anya Ma, Kanishk Gandhi, et al.*2024 · 12 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/he-yueya-2024-psychometric-alignment-capturing-human-knowledge/)
46. **[Bayesian Preference Elicitation with Language Models ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.05534) arXiv:2403.05534 · no summary yet**Kunal Handa et al.*2024 · 8 citations*
47. **[Evaluating and Optimizing Educational Content with Large Language Model Judgments ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.02795) arXiv:2403.02795 · no summary yet**Joy He-Yueya, Noah D. Goodman, Emma Brunskill*2024 · 7 citations*
48. **[\textttpyvene: A Library for Understanding and Improving PyTorch Models via Interventions ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2024.naacl-demo.16/) Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 3: System Demonstrations) · no summary yet**Zhengxuan Wu et al.*2024 · 7 citations*
49. **[A Reply to Makelov et al. (2023)'s "Interpretability Illusion" Arguments ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2401.12631) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Zhengxuan Wu et al.*2024 · 5 citations*
50. **[Calibrate your listeners! Robust communication-based training for pragmatic speakers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2021-calibrate-your-listeners-robust-communication/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Rose Wang, Julia White, Jesse Mu, et al.*2021 · 5 citations*
51. **[BoxingGym: Benchmarking Progress in Automated Experimental Design and Model Discovery ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.01540) arXiv:2501.01540 · no summary yet**Kanishk Gandhi et al.*2025 · 4 citations*
52. **[Just One Byte (per gradient): A Note on Low-Bandwidth Decentralized Language Model Finetuning Using Shared Randomness ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.10015) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Eric Zelikman et al.*2023 · 3 citations*
53. **[Bayesian scaling laws for in-context learning ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.16531) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Aryaman Arora et al.*2024 · 2 citations*
54. [**Color Overmodification Emerges from Data-Driven Learning and Pragmatic Reasoning arXiv:2205.09172**Fei Fang, Kunal Sinha, Noah D. Goodman, et al.*2022 · 1 citation*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fang-2022-color-overmodification-emerges-data-driven/)
55. **[Differentiable Antithetic Sampling for Variance Reduction in Stochastic Variational Inference ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.02555) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Mike Wu, Noah D. Goodman, Stefano Ermon*2018 · 1 citation*
56. **[Matryoshka attribution: Learning to attribute language model outputs to representations and weights ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25518) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Aryaman Arora et al.*2026*
57. **[Verifiable, Articulable, and Tacit Components of Preference ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03025) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Alexander Spangher et al.*2026*
58. **[Mechanistic interpretability and control for language models ↗](https://doi.org/10.25740/fg704nm2917) Stanford Digital Repository · no summary yet**Zhengxuan Wu et al.*2026*
59. **[Improving Compositionality of Neural Networks by Decoding Representations to Inputs ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.00769) arXiv (Cornell University) · no summary yet**Mike Wu, Noah D. Goodman, Stefano Ermon*2021*
60. **[The Logic of Conversational Implicatures ↗](https://openalex.org/W7095624783) no summary yet**Christopher E. Potts et al.*2003*