---
title: "Timothy Baldwin — all works — Elamur Research"
description: "All 86 works of Timothy Baldwin in the Elamur Research library, the most cited first: our summaries where we have them, else the original."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/timothy-baldwin/works/"
---
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# Timothy Baldwin — all works

86 works · [← Timothy Baldwin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/timothy-baldwin/)

1. [**Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP**Ivan A. Sag, Timothy Baldwin, Francis Bond, et al.*English · 1,498 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sag-2002-multiword-expressions-pain-neck-nlp/)
2. **[Automatic Evaluation of Topic Coherence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/newman-2010-automatic-evaluation-topic-coherence/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**David Newman, Jey Han Lau, Karl Grieser, et al.*2010 · 826 citations*
3. **[Machine Reading Tea Leaves: Automatically Evaluating Topic Coherence and Topic Model Quality](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lau-2014-machine-reading-tea-leaves-automatically/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Jey Han Lau, David Newman, Timothy Baldwin*2014 · 704 citations*
4. **[langid.py: An Off-the-shelf Language Identification Tool](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lui-2012-langid-py-off-shelf-language/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Marco Lui, Timothy Baldwin*2012 · 696 citations*
5. **[Lexical Normalisation of Short Text Messages: Makn Sens a #twitter](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/han-2011-lexical-normalisation-short-text-messages/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Bo Han, Timothy Baldwin*2011 · 587 citations*
6. **[SemEval-2010 Task 5 : Automatic Keyphrase Extraction from Scientific Articles](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kim-2010-semeval-2010-task-5-automatic/) [International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semeval/)**Su Nam Kim, Olena Medelyan, Min-Yen Kan, et al.*2010 · 460 citations*
7. **[IndoLEM and IndoBERT: A Benchmark Dataset and Pre-trained Language Model for Indonesian NLP ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2020.coling-main.66/) Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics · no summary yet**Fajri Koto et al.*2020 · 395 citations*
8. [**CMMLU: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in Chinese arXiv:2306.09212**Haonan Li, Yixuan Zhang, Fajri Koto, et al.*2023 · 387 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2023-cmmlu-measuring-massive-multitask-language/)
9. [**Tangled up in BLEU: Reevaluating the Evaluation of Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics**Nitika Mathur, Timothy Baldwin, Trevor Cohn*Machine translation · 387 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mathur-2020-tangled-up-bleu-reevaluating-evaluation/)
10. **[Continuous Measurement Scales in Human Evaluation of Machine Translation ↗](https://aclanthology.org/W13-2305/) Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse · no summary yet**Yvette Graham et al.*2013 · 346 citations*
11. [**An Empirical Model of Multiword Expression Decomposability Proceedings of the ACL 2003 Workshop on Multiword Expressions: Analysis, Acquisition and Treatment**Timothy Baldwin, Colin Bannard, Takaaki Tanaka, et al.*2003 · 319 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baldwin-2003-empirical-model-multiword-expression-decomposability/)
12. **[Shared Tasks of the 2015 Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text: Twitter Lexical Normalization and Named Entity Recognition](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baldwin-2015-shared-tasks-2015-workshop-noisy/) [Workshop on Noisy User-generated Text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wnut/)**Timothy Baldwin, Marie Catherine de Marneffe, Bo Han, et al.*2015 · 286 citations*
13. **[Automatic Language Identification in Texts: A Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jauhiainen-2019-automatic-language-identification-texts/) [Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/journal-of-artificial-intelligence-research/)**Tommi Jauhiainen, Marco Lui, Marcos Zampieri, et al.*2019 · 277 citations*
14. **[How Noisy Social Media Text, How Diffrnt Social Media Sources?](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baldwin-2013-how-noisy-social-media-text/) [International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (IJCNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/ijcnlp/)**Timothy Baldwin, Paul Cook, Marco Lui, et al.*2013 · 276 citations*
15. **[SemEval-2017 Task 3: Community Question Answering](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nakov-2017-semeval-2017-task-3-community/) [International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semeval/)**Preslav Nakov, Doris Hoogeveen, Lluís Màrquez, et al.*2017 · 262 citations*
16. **[Factuality Challenges in the Era of Large Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/augenstein-2023-factuality-challenges-era-large-language/) [Nature Machine Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/nature-machine-intelligence/)**Isabelle Augenstein, Timothy Baldwin, Meeyoung Cha, et al.*2023 · 243 citations*
17. **[Towards Robust and Privacy-preserving Text Representations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2018-robust-privacy-preserving-text-representations/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Yitong Li, Timothy Baldwin, Trevor Cohn*2018 · 233 citations*
18. **[Take and Took, Gaggle and Goose, Book and Read: Evaluating the Utility of Vector Differences for Lexical Relation Learning ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P16-1158/) Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Ekaterina Vylomova et al.*2016 · 189 citations*
19. **[Semi-supervised User Geolocation via Graph Convolutional Networks ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1187/) Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Afshin Rahimi, Trevor Cohn, Timothy Baldwin*2018 · 187 citations*
20. **[Word Sense Induction for Novel Sense Detection](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lau-2012-word-sense-induction-novel-sense/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Jey Han Lau, Paul Cook, Diana McCarthy, et al.*2012 · 187 citations*
21. **[Automatic Detection and Language Identification of Multilingual Documents](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lui-2014-automatic-detection-language-identification-multilingual/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Marco Lui, Jey Han Lau, Timothy Baldwin*2014 · 157 citations*
22. **[Accurate Evaluation of Segment-level Machine Translation Metrics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/graham-2015-accurate-evaluation-segment-level-machine/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Yvette Graham, Timothy Baldwin, Nitika Mathur*2015 · 156 citations*
23. **[One Country, 700+ Languages: NLP Challenges for Underrepresented Languages and Dialects in Indonesia ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2022.acl-long.500/) Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Alham Fikri Aji et al.*2022 · 146 citations*
24. [**Automatic Interpretation of Noun Compounds Using WordNet Similarity**Su Nam Kim, Timothy Baldwin*English · 134 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kim-2005-automatic-interpretation-noun-compounds-wordnet/)
25. **[NusaX: Multilingual Parallel Sentiment Dataset for 10 Indonesian Local Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/winata-2023-nusax-multilingual-parallel-sentiment-dataset/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Genta Indra Winata, Alham Fikri Aji, Samuel Cahyawijaya, et al.*2023 · 130 citations*
26. **[Classifying Dialogue Acts in One-on-One Live Chats](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kim-2010-classifying-dialogue-acts-one-one/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Su Nam Kim, Lawrence Cavedon, Timothy Baldwin*2010 · 125 citations*
27. **[IndoBERTweet: A Pretrained Language Model for Indonesian Twitter with Effective Domain-Specific Vocabulary Initialization ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2021.emnlp-main.833/) Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Fajri Koto, Jey Han Lau, Timothy Baldwin*2021 · 119 citations*
28. **[Testing for Significance of Increased Correlation with Human Judgment](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/graham-2014-testing-significance-increased-correlation-human/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Yvette Graham, Timothy Baldwin*2014 · 119 citations*
29. **[A Neural Model for User Geolocation and Lexical Dialectology ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P17-2033/) Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) · no summary yet**Afshin Rahimi, Trevor Cohn, Timothy Baldwin*2017 · 109 citations*
30. **[Improving Parsing and PP Attachment Performance with Sense Information ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P08-1037/) Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT · no summary yet**Eneko Agirre, Timothy Baldwin, David Martinez*2008 · 106 citations*
31. **[Fact-Checking the Output of Large Language Models via Token-Level Uncertainty Quantification](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fadeeva-2024-fact-checking-output-large-language/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Ekaterina Fadeeva, Aleksandr Rubashevskii, Artem Shelmanov, et al.*2024 · 96 citations*
32. [**Bactrian-X: Multilingual Replicable Instruction-Following Models with Low-Rank Adaptation arXiv:2305.15011**Haonan Li, Fajri Koto, Minghao Wu, et al.*2023 · 96 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2023-bactrian-x-multilingual-replicable-instruction/)
33. **[NusaCrowd: Open Source Initiative for Indonesian NLP Resources ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-acl.868/) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023 · no summary yet**Samuel Cahyawijaya et al.*2023 · 95 citations*
34. **[Road-testing the English Resource Grammar Over the British National Corpus](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baldwin-2004-road-testing-english-resource-grammar/) [Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/lrec/)**Timothy Baldwin, Emily M. Bender, Dan Flickinger, et al.*2004 · 95 citations*
35. **[Do-Not-Answer: Evaluating Safeguards in LLMs](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2024-do-not-answer-evaluating-safeguards/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Yuxia Wang, Haonan Li, Xudong Han, et al.*2024 · 93 citations*
36. **[Putting Evaluation in Context: Contextual Embeddings Improve Machine Translation Evaluation ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P19-1269/) Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · no summary yet**Nitika Mathur, Timothy Baldwin, Trevor Cohn*2019 · 92 citations*
37. **[Deep-speare: A joint neural model of poetic language, meter and rhyme ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P18-1181/) Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Jey Han Lau et al.*2018 · 92 citations*
38. **[Topically Driven Neural Language Model ↗](https://aclanthology.org/P17-1033/) Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · no summary yet**Jey Han Lau, Timothy Baldwin, Trevor Cohn*2017 · 86 citations*
39. [**Multiword expressions: linguistic precision and reusability**Ann Copestake, Fabre Lambeau, Aline Villavicencio, et al.*English · 80 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/copestake-2002-multiword-expressions-linguistic-precision-reusability/)
40. [**Are Multilingual LLMs Culturally-Diverse Reasoners? An Investigation into Multicultural Proverbs and Sayings arXiv:2309.08591**Chen Cecilia Liu, Fajri Koto, Timothy Baldwin, et al.*2023 · 78 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2023-multilingual-llms-culturally-diverse-reasoners/)
41. [**Do-Not-Answer: A Dataset for Evaluating Safeguards in LLMs arXiv:2308.13387**Yuxia Wang, Haonan Li, Xudong Han, et al.*2023 · 78 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2023-answer-dataset-evaluating-safeguards-llms/)
42. **[Language models are not naysayers: An analysis of language models on negation benchmarks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/truong-2023-language-models-naysayers-analysis-language/) [Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/starsem/)**Thinh Hung Truong, Timothy Baldwin, Karin Verspoor, et al.*2023 · 78 citations*
43. **[Learning the Countability of English Nouns from Corpus Data](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baldwin-2003-learning-countability-english-nouns-corpus/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Timothy Baldwin, Francis Bond*2003 · 78 citations*
44. **[Benchmarking Uncertainty Quantification Methods for Large Language Models with LM-Polygraph](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/vashurin-2025-benchmarking-uncertainty-quantification-methods-large/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Roman Vashurin, Ekaterina Fadeeva, Artem Vazhentsev, et al.*2025 · 67 citations*
45. **[The Sensitivity of Topic Coherence Evaluation to Topic Cardinality ↗](https://aclanthology.org/N16-1057/) Proceedings of the 2016 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies · no summary yet**Jey Han Lau, Timothy Baldwin*2016 · 64 citations*
46. **[Recurrent Entity Networks with Delayed Memory Update for Targeted Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis ↗](https://aclanthology.org/N18-2045/) Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 2 (Short Papers) · no summary yet**Fei Liu, Trevor Cohn, Timothy Baldwin*2018 · 59 citations*
47. **[LM-Polygraph: Uncertainty Estimation for Language Models ↗](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.07383) arXiv:2311.07383 · no summary yet**Ekaterina Fadeeva et al.*2023 · 55 citations*
48. **[IndoCulture: Exploring Geographically Influenced Cultural Commonsense Reasoning Across Eleven Indonesian Provinces](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/koto-2024-indoculture-exploring-geographically-influenced-cultural/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Fajri Koto, Rahmad Mahendra, Nurul Aisyah, et al.*2024 · 53 citations*
49. **[Uncertainty Estimation and Reduction of Pre-trained Models for Text Regression](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2022-uncertainty-estimation-reduction-pre-trained/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Yuxia Wang, Daniel Beck, Timothy Baldwin, et al.*2022 · 49 citations*
50. **[Is all that Glitters in Machine Translation Quality Estimation really Gold? ↗](https://aclanthology.org/C16-1294/) Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers · no summary yet**Yvette Graham et al.*2016 · 38 citations*
51. **[Top-down Discourse Parsing via Sequence Labelling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/koto-2021-top-down-discourse-parsing-sequence/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Fajri Koto, Jey Han Lau, Timothy Baldwin*2021 · 37 citations*
52. **[Classifying Dialogue Acts in Multi-party Live Chats](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kim-2012-classifying-dialogue-acts-multi-party/) [Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation (PACLIC)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/paclic/)**Su Nam Kim, Lawrence Cavedon, Timothy Baldwin*2012 · 34 citations*
53. **[What does it take to bake a cake? The RecipeRef corpus and anaphora resolution in procedural text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fang-2022-what-does-it-take-bake/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Biaoyan Fang, Timothy Baldwin, Karin Verspoor*2022 · 32 citations*
54. **[Large Language Models Are Human-Like Internally](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kuribayashi-2025-large-language-models-are-human/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Tatsuki Kuribayashi, Yohei Oseki, Souhaib Ben Taieb, et al.*2025 · 30 citations*
55. **[Evaluating Document Coherence Modeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/shen-2021-evaluating-document-coherence-modeling/) [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/)**Aili Shen, Meladel Mistica, Bahar Salehi, et al.*2021 · 30 citations*
56. **[Further Investigation into Reference Bias in Monolingual Evaluation of Machine Translation ↗](https://aclanthology.org/D17-1262/) Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing · no summary yet**Qingsong Ma et al.*2017 · 29 citations*
57. **[ChEMU-Ref: A Corpus for Modeling Anaphora Resolution in the Chemical Domain](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fang-2021-chemu-ref-corpus-modeling-anaphora/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Biaoyan Fang, Christian Druckenbrodt, Saber A Akhondi, et al.*2021 · 27 citations*
58. **[Not another Negation Benchmark: The NaN-NLI Test Suite for Sub-clausal Negation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/truong-2022-not-another-negation-benchmark-nan/) [Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (AACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/aacl/)**Hung Thinh Truong, Yulia Otmakhova, Timothy Baldwin, et al.*2022 · 24 citations*
59. **[Automatic Identification of English Verb Particle Constructions using Linguistic Features ↗](https://aclanthology.org/W06-2110/) Proceedings of the Third ACL-SIGSEM Workshop on Prepositions · no summary yet**Su Nam Kim, Timothy Baldwin*2006 · 23 citations*
60. **[A Plethora of Methods for Learning English Countability](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baldwin-2003-plethora-methods-learning-english-countability/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Timothy Baldwin, Francis Bond*2003 · 23 citations*
61. **[Arabic Dataset for LLM Safeguard Evaluation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ashraf-2025-arabic-dataset-llm-safeguard-evaluation/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Yasser Ashraf, Yuxia Wang, Bin Gu, et al.*2025 · 22 citations*
62. **[The Impact of Multiword Expression Compositionality on Machine Translation Evaluation ↗](https://aclanthology.org/W15-0909/) Proceedings of the 11th Workshop on Multiword Expressions · no summary yet**Bahar Salehi et al.*2015 · 18 citations*
63. **[Improving Evaluation of Document-level Machine Translation Quality Estimation ↗](https://aclanthology.org/E17-2057/) Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers · no summary yet**Yvette Graham et al.*2017 · 16 citations*
64. **[Super-SCOTUS: A multi-sourced dataset for the Supreme Court of the US ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.nllp-1.20/) Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2023 · no summary yet**Biaoyan Fang et al.*2023 · 14 citations*
65. **[Token-Level Density-Based Uncertainty Quantification Methods for Eliciting Truthfulness of Large Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/vazhentsev-2025-token-level-density-based-uncertainty/) [Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/naacl/)**Artem Vazhentsev, Lyudmila Rvanova, Ivan Lazichny, et al.*2025 · 13 citations*
66. **[Target Based Speech Act Classification in Political Campaign Text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/subramanian-2019-target-based-speech-act-classification/) [Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics (*SEM)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/starsem/)**Shivashankar Subramanian, Trevor Cohn, Timothy Baldwin*2019 · 13 citations*
67. **[Automatic Negation and Speculation Detection in Veterinary Clinical Text](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cheng-2017-automatic-negation-speculation-detection-veterinary/) [Annual Workshop of the Australasian Language Technology Association (ALTA)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/alta/)**Katherine Cheng, Timothy Baldwin, Karin Verspoor*2017 · 11 citations*
68. **[Unconditional Truthfulness: Learning Unconditional Uncertainty of Large Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/vazhentsev-2025-unconditional-truthfulness-learning-unconditional-uncertainty/) [Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/)**Artem Vazhentsev, Ekaterina Fadeeva, Rui Xing, et al.*2025 · 10 citations*
69. **[Crowd-Sourcing of Human Judgments of Machine Translation Fluency ↗](https://aclanthology.org/U13-1004/) Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2013 (ALTA 2013) · no summary yet**Yvette Graham et al.*2013 · 9 citations*
70. **[Information Extraction from Legal Documents: A Study in the Context of Common Law Court Judgements ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2020.alta-1.12/) Proceedings of the 18th Annual Workshop of the Australasian Language Technology Association · no summary yet**Meladel Mistica et al.*2020 · 8 citations*
71. **[Unsupervised Paraphrasing of Multiword Expressions ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-acl.290/) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023 · no summary yet**Takashi Wada et al.*2023 · 7 citations*
72. **[It's not only What You Say, It's also Who It's Said to: Counterfactual Analysis of Interactive Behavior in the Courtroom ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.ijcnlp-short.22/) Proceedings of the 13th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing and the 3rd Conference of the Asia-Pacific Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) · no summary yet**Biaoyan Fang et al.*2023 · 6 citations*
73. **[BiMediX2 : Bio-Medical EXpert LMM for Diverse Medical Modalities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mullappilly-2025-bimedix2-bio-medical-expert-lmm/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Sahal Shaji Mullappilly, Mohammed Irfan Kurpath, Sara Pieri, et al.*2025 · 5 citations*
74. **[Automatic Resolution of Domain Name Disputes ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2021.nllp-1.24/) Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2021 · no summary yet**Wayan Oger Vihikan et al.*2021 · 5 citations*
75. [**Do Diacritics Matter? Evaluating the Impact of Arabic Diacritics on Tokenization and LLM Benchmarks**Go Inoue, Bashar Alhafni, Nizar Habash, et al.*Semitic languages · 4 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/inoue-2026-do-diacritics-matter-evaluating-impact/)
76. **[More than Votes? Voting and Language based Partisanship in the US Supreme Court ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-emnlp.306/) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 · no summary yet**Biaoyan Fang et al.*2023 · 4 citations*
77. **[Semi-automatic Triage of Requests for Free Legal Assistance ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2021.nllp-1.23/) Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2021 · no summary yet**Meladel Mistica et al.*2021 · 4 citations*
78. **[Towards Efficient Machine Translation Evaluation by Modelling Annotators ↗](https://aclanthology.org/U18-1010/) Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2018 · no summary yet**Nitika Mathur, Timothy Baldwin, Trevor Cohn*2018 · 4 citations*
79. **[Evaluating and Extending the Coverage of HPSG Grammars: A Case Study for German ↗](https://aclanthology.org/L08-1025/) Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'08) · no summary yet**Jeremy Nicholson et al.*2008 · 4 citations*
80. **[Robustness Tests for Automatic Machine Translation Metrics with Adversarial Attacks ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-emnlp.340/) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 · no summary yet**Yichen Huang, Timothy Baldwin*2023 · 3 citations*
81. **[Unsupervised Lexical Simplification with Context Augmentation ↗](https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-emnlp.627/) Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 · no summary yet**Takashi Wada, Timothy Baldwin, Jey Han Lau*2023 · 3 citations*
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83. **[ReProbe: Efficient Test-Time Scaling of Multi-Step Reasoning by Probing Internal States of Large Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ni-2026-reprobe-efficient-test-time-scaling/) [Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/)**Jingwei Ni, Ekaterina Fadeeva, Tianyi Wu, et al.*2026 · 1 citation*
84. **[The Ins and Outs of Dutch noun countability classification ↗](https://aclanthology.org/U03-1007/) Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2003 · no summary yet**Timothy Baldwin, Leonoor van der Beek*2003 · 1 citation*
85. **[Beyond Memorization: Extending Reasoning Depth with Recurrence, Memory and Test-Time Compute Scaling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rodkin-2026-beyond-memorization-extending-reasoning-depth/) [Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/findings/)**Ivan Rodkin, Daniil Orel, Konstantin Smirnov, et al.*2026*
86. **[SCALAR: Scientific Citation-based Live Assessment of Long-context Academic Reasoning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wang-2026-scalar-scientific-citation-based-live/) [Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/eacl/)**Renxi Wang, Honglin Mu, Liqun Ma, et al.*2026*