---
title: "Belgium — research institutions, scientists and papers"
description: "Belgium: 6 institutions with papers in our library in 4 agglomerations, 26 people with a page, 47 works, 13,777 citations."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/belgium/"
---
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# Belgium

Country 6 institutions in 4 agglomerations · [all countries](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/)

[**6** institutions with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/belgium/#institutions) · [**4** agglomerations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/belgium/#agglomerations) · [**26** people with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/belgium/#authors) · [**47** works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/belgium/#works) · [**13,777** citations of their works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/belgium/#works)

## About

### Profile

This section of the library gathers the research institutions in Belgium whose scientists contributed to the papers held on this site. An institution is included only when its researchers wrote at least two of the papers collected here. The list is ordered by the cited work its scientists produced while working there. It is a view of Belgian research as this collection captures it, not a census of the country's science. It belongs to the wider directory of [research institutions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/) the library keeps for many countries, and it can be reached directly as the [Belgium overview](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/country/be/).

Most of the institutions are universities, joined by one public body of a different kind. They are spread across several Belgian cities: Leuven, Ghent, Antwerp, Louvain-la-Neuve and Brussels. The country's presence on this site therefore rests on a small group of university centres in different parts of Belgium, plus the capital, which hosts both a university and a government institution.

### The institutions in order

The first institution listed is [KU Leuven](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ku-leuven/), a university in Leuven. Among the Belgian entries it contributes the largest body of works in our library, and those works have gathered the most citations of any Belgian institution here. For readers looking for Belgian authorship in the collection, Leuven is the most frequent point of origin.

Second is [Ghent University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ghent-university/), based in Ghent. It is the second most frequent source of works among the Belgian institutions. Its works have also drawn a substantial number of citations. Ghent and Leuven together account for most of the Belgian university papers held in the library.

Third is the [University of Antwerp](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-antwerp/), in Antwerp. It appears with a smaller set of works than the two institutions above it. That set has nonetheless been cited widely relative to its size, which shows that a modest number of papers can carry real weight in the collection.

Fourth is [UCLouvain](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/uclouvain/), whose location is given as Louvain-la-Neuve. It contributes a sizeable group of works, fewer than Leuven or Ghent but more than Antwerp. Its cited output is the second largest among the Belgian entries, behind only KU Leuven. The library's ordering does not follow a single simple measure: UCLouvain is placed after Ghent and Antwerp even though its works have attracted more citations than theirs. Readers who compare institutions should look at both the order and the scale of each institution's cited work, not at either one alone.

Fifth is the [European Commission](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/european-commission/), listed as a government body in Brussels. It is the only non-university institution in the Belgian group. It is credited with a small number of works, and these have been cited to a notable degree. Its presence shows that the collection includes research from policy and public administration settings as well as from academic departments.

Sixth is the [Vrije Universiteit Brussel](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/vrije-universiteit-brussel/), a university in Brussels. Like the European Commission, it meets the inclusion threshold with a small set of works. Their citation footprint is the most modest in the Belgian list.

### Research strengths

The overview does not break Belgian output down by field or topic. It shows where research comes from rather than what it is about. What can be said is how cited work is distributed. KU Leuven stands out in both volume and citations, and UCLouvain holds a strong second place in citations. Ghent University combines a large number of works with a solid citation record. The University of Antwerp and the European Commission each show cited impact out of proportion to their smaller output.

For the subjects behind these patterns, readers should go to each institution's own page in the library. Those pages set out the works written there, their citations and the topics they address. They are the right place to learn whether a given university's presence here rests on a single field or on several.

### Universities and a public body

Belgian research on this site comes mainly from universities. Five of the listed institutions are universities, and they supply nearly all of the country's works in the collection. Leuven, Ghent, Antwerp, Louvain-la-Neuve and Brussels each contribute at least one university to the list.

The European Commission is a different kind of contributor. As a government body in Brussels, it shows that the collection reaches beyond academic research and into work produced by public institutions. Its works are few, but they have been well cited. The library's directory files institutions by kind, so readers can follow the Commission's entry to see how government research sits alongside university output elsewhere in the collection.

### Geography

The Belgian institutions on this site cluster in a handful of cities. Brussels appears twice, as the home of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and of the European Commission. The other cities appear once each: Leuven with KU Leuven, Ghent with Ghent University, Antwerp with the University of Antwerp, and Louvain-la-Neuve with UCLouvain.

The cited work is not spread evenly across these places. Leuven contributes the greatest share, followed by Louvain-la-Neuve and Ghent. Antwerp and Brussels hold smaller but still visible positions. This spread reflects only the papers gathered here. It should not be read as a judgement about the relative size or quality of research in these cities more generally.

### Leading scientists

The overview names institutions, not individual researchers. The scientists whose work places these institutions on the list appear on each institution's page, in the order the library gives there. Readers interested in particular Belgian researchers should start from those pages, which connect people to the works they wrote while affiliated with each institution.

### Landmark works

No individual papers are singled out at the country level. Citations are reported per institution, so the most influential Belgian contributions to the collection must be traced through the institution entries. KU Leuven and UCLouvain, which hold the largest citation totals among the Belgian entries, are the natural places to look first for highly cited work. The University of Antwerp and the European Commission are worth examining for papers with strong impact relative to their small number.

### Collaborations

The country overview does not show links between the Belgian institutions, or between them and partners abroad. Joint authorship, shared projects and international co-authors, where the collection holds them, are shown on the individual institution and work pages. Because several Belgian universities and a European public body appear together, readers may expect overlap between them. Any such connection should be confirmed on the detailed pages rather than assumed from this list.

### Over time

No years are given at the country level, so the timing of Belgian contributions to the collection cannot be traced from this overview. The institution pages, which list works individually, are where readers can see when the papers behind each entry were written. They also show whether an institution's presence here is concentrated in a particular period.

### Reading the listing

Three points help in using this overview well. First, inclusion depends on a threshold: an institution appears only when its scientists wrote two or more papers held here. Belgian institutions with a single paper in the collection, or none, do not appear, so the list is shorter than the country's research landscape. Second, the ranking uses the cited work scientists produced at each institution. As the placement of UCLouvain shows, the order is best read together with each institution's volume of works and citations. Third, the collection keeps growing. As new papers are added, institutions may join the Belgian list, move within it, or change their relative weight.

On this site, then, Belgian research is mainly university research. It is led in volume and citations by KU Leuven, with substantial contributions from UCLouvain and Ghent University. The University of Antwerp, the European Commission and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel make smaller but distinct contributions. Each entry is a starting point for the more detailed picture found on that institution's own page.

## Where

## Agglomerations (4)

1. [**Leuven**1 institution*5,325 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/leuven/)
2. [**Brussels**3 institutions*4,667 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/brussels/)
3. [**Ghent**1 institution*2,565 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/ghent/)
4. [**Antwerp**1 institution*1,220 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/antwerp/)

## Institutions (6)

### 🎓 Universities (5)

**[KU Leuven](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ku-leuven/)**University · [Leuven](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/leuven/), Belgium*20 works · 5,325 citations*

**[UCLouvain](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/uclouvain/)**University · [Louvain-la-Neuve](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/brussels/), Belgium*10 works · 3,619 citations*

**[Ghent University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ghent-university/)**University · [Ghent](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/ghent/), Belgium*14 works · 2,565 citations*

**[University of Antwerp](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-antwerp/)**University · [Antwerp](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/antwerp/), Belgium*5 works · 1,220 citations*

**[Vrije Universiteit Brussel](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/vrije-universiteit-brussel/)**University · [Brussels](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/brussels/), Belgium*2 works · 236 citations*

### 🏛️ Government research bodies (1)

**[European Commission](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/european-commission/)**Government body · [Brussels](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/brussels/), Belgium*2 works · 812 citations*

[See all 6 institutions →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/belgium/institutions/)

## People (26)

Authors with a page confirmed at its institutions, the most cited first.

[🧑‍🔬**Marie-Catherine de Marneffe** UCLouvain 25 papers here · 11,576 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marie-catherine-de-marneffe/) · [🧑‍🔬**Marco Marelli** Ghent University 2 papers here · 3,329 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marco-marelli/) · [🧑‍🔬**Veronique Hoste** Ghent University 7 papers here · 3,220 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/veronique-hoste/) · [🧑‍🔬**Walter Daelemans** University of Antwerp 5 papers here · 2,261 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/walter-daelemans/) · [🧑‍🔬**Orphee De Clercq** Ghent University 3 papers here · 1,901 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/orphee-de-clercq/) · [🧑‍🔬**Erik Tjong Kim Sang** University of Antwerp 3 papers here · 1,257 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/erik-tjong-kim-sang/) · [🧑‍🔬**Bruno Pouliquen** European Commission 2 papers here · 1,244 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/bruno-pouliquen/) · [🧑‍🔬**Els Lefever** Ghent University 5 papers here · 1,222 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/els-lefever/) · [🧑‍🔬**Cynthia Van Hee** Ghent University 4 papers here · 1,066 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/cynthia-van-hee/) · [🧑‍🔬**Yves Peirsman** KU Leuven 2 papers here · 1,042 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yves-peirsman/) · [🧑‍🔬**Ralf Steinberger** European Commission 2 papers here · 878 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ralf-steinberger/) · [🧑‍🔬**Thomas François** KU Leuven 4 papers here · 857 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/thomas-francois/)

[See all 26 people →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/belgium/people/)

## Works in our library (47)

Works of its institutions, the most cited first.

1. [**Generating Typed Dependency Parses from Phrase Structure Parses**Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Bill MacCartney, Christopher D. Manning*2006 · 2,886 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/marneffe-2006-generating-typed-dependency-parses-phrase/)
2. [**SemEval-2016 Task 5: Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis**Maria Pontiki, Dimitris Galanis, Haris Papageorgiou, et al.*2016 · 1,656 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pontiki-2016-semeval-2016-task-5-aspect/)
3. [**The JRC-Acquis: A Multilingual Aligned Parallel Corpus with 20+ Languages**Ralf Steinberger, Bruno Pouliquen, Anna Widiger, et al.*2006 · 656 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/steinberger-2006-jrc-acquis-multilingual-aligned-parallel/)
4. [**Representing Text Chunks**Erik F. Tjong Kim Sang, Jorn Veenstra*1999 · 569 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sang-1999-representing-text-chunks/)
5. [**Deterministic Coreference Resolution Based on Entity-Centric, Precision-Ranked Rules**Heeyoung Lee, Angel Chang, Yves Peirsman, et al.*2013 · 536 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lee-2013-deterministic-coreference-resolution-based-entity/)
6. [**SemEval-2018 Task 3: Irony Detection in English Tweets**Cynthia Van Hee, Els Lefever, Véronique Hoste*2018 · 467 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hee-2018-semeval-2018-task-3-irony/)
7. [**RobBERT: a Dutch RoBERTa-based Language Model**Pieter Delobelle, Thomas Winters, Bettina Berendt*2020 · 346 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/delobelle-2020-robbert-dutch-roberta-based-language/)
8. [**MBT: A Memory-Based Part of Speech Tagger-Generator**Walter Daelemans, Jakub Zavrel, Peter Berck, et al.*1996 · 336 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/daelemans-1996-mbt-memory-based-part-speech/)
9. [**Learning from the Worst: Dynamically Generated Datasets to Improve Online Hate Detection**Bertie Vidgen, Tristan Thrush, Zeerak Waseem, et al.*2021 · 320 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/vidgen-2021-learning-worst-dynamically-generated-datasets/)
10. [**SimVerb-3500: A Large-Scale Evaluation Set of Verb Similarity**Daniela Gerz, Ivan Vulić, Felix Hill, et al.*2016 · 315 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gerz-2016-simverb-3500-large-scale-evaluation/)
11. [**Challenges and Strategies in Cross-Cultural NLP**Daniel Hershcovich, Stella Frank, Heather Lent, et al.*2022 · 290 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hershcovich-2022-challenges-strategies-cross-cultural-nlp/)
12. [**Humanity's Last Exam**Long Phan, Alice Gatti, Ziwen Han, et al.*2025 · 235 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/phan-2025-humanity-s-last-exam/)
13. [**Prompt for Extraction? PAIE: Prompting Argument Interaction for Event Argument Extraction**Yubo Ma, Zehao Wang, Yixin Cao, et al.*2022 · 225 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ma-2022-prompt-extraction-paie-prompting-argument/)
14. [**Learning the Scope of Hedge Cues in Biomedical Texts**Roser Morante, Walter Daelemans*2009 · 175 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/morante-2009-learning-scope-hedge-cues-biomedical/)
15. [**An “AI readability” Formula for French as a Foreign Language**Thomas François, Cédrick Fairon*2012 · 174 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/francois-2012-ai-readability-formula-french-as/)
16. [**Language Identification and Morphosyntactic Tagging: The Second VarDial Evaluation Campaign**Marcos Zampieri, Shervin Malmasi, Preslav Nakov, et al.*2018 · 169 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zampieri-2018-language-identification-morphosyntactic-tagging-second/)
17. [**DeepProbLog: Neural Probabilistic Logic Programming**Robin Manhaeve, Sebastijan Dumančić, Angelika Kimmig, et al.*2018 · 166 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/manhaeve-2018-deepproblog-neural-probabilistic-logic/)
18. [**DGT-TM: A freely available Translation Memory in 22 languages**Ralf Steinberger, Andreas Eisele, Szymon Klocek, et al.*2012 · 156 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/steinberger-2012-dgt-tm-freely-available-translation/)
19. [**Investigating Reasons for Disagreement in Natural Language Inference**Nan-Jiang Jiang, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe*2022 · 104 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jiang-2022-investigating-reasons-disagreement-natural-language/)
20. [**A Coreference Corpus and Resolution System for Dutch**Iris Hendrickx, Gosse Bouma, Frederik Coppens, et al.*2008 · 92 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hendrickx-2008-coreference-corpus-resolution-system-dutch/)
21. [**UniMorph 4.0: Universal Morphology**Khuyagbaatar Batsuren, Omer Goldman, Salam Khalifa*2022 · 82 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/batsuren-2022-unimorph-4/)
22. [**Monday mornings are my fave :) #not Exploring the Automatic Recognition of Irony in English tweets**Cynthia Van Hee, Els Lefever, Véronique Hoste*2016 · 59 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hee-2016-monday-mornings-are-my-fave/)
23. [**Discourse Markers in Speech: Distinctive Features and Corpus Annotation**Ludivine Crible, Maria-Josep Cuenca*2017 · 53 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/crible-2017-discourse-markers-speech-distinctive-features/)
24. [**VariErr NLI: Separating Annotation Error from Human Label Variation**Leon Weber-Genzel, Siyao Peng, Marie-Catherine De Marneffe, et al.*2024 · 51 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/genzel-2024-varierr-nli-separating-annotation-error/)
25. [**Exploring the Realization of Irony in Twitter Data**Cynthia Van Hee, Els Lefever, Véronique Hoste*2016 · 48 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hee-2016-exploring-realization-irony-twitter-data/)

[See all 47 works →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/belgium/works/)

## Topics

Topics of its works in our library, with the number of works on each.

[Sentiment & emotion (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/sentiment-emotion/) · [Machine translation (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) · [Hebrew & Aramaic (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/hebrew-aramaic/) · [Discourse analysis (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/discourse-analysis/) · [Part-of-speech tagging (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/) · [Morphology (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/morphology/) · [Reasoning (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/) · [Semitic languages (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · [Historical linguistics & language change (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-change/) · [Coreference resolution (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/) · [Language models & pretraining (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · [Multilingual & cross-lingual NLP (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multilingual-nlp/) · [Evaluation & benchmarks (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/) · [Named entity recognition (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/named-entity-recognition/) · [Dependency parsing (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dependency-parsing/) · [Low-resource languages (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/low-resource-languages/) · [Latin (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/latin/) · [Syntax & grammar formalisms (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/syntax-grammar/) · [Interpretability (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/interpretability/) · [Grammatical error correction & learner language (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/grammatical-error-correction/)

## Fields

[Linguistics & languages (37)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/) · [Natural language processing (15)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/) · [Machine translation (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/machine-translation/) · [History & humanities (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/history/) · [AI & machine learning (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/ai/) · [Mathematics & statistics (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/mathematics/)

## Works by year

20,102,020

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