---
title: "Germany — research institutions, scientists and papers"
description: "Germany: 67 institutions with papers in our library in 33 agglomerations, 263 people with a page, 550 works, 612,652 citations."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/"
---
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# Germany

Country 67 institutions in 33 agglomerations · [all countries](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/)

[**67** institutions with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/#institutions) · [**33** agglomerations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/#agglomerations) · [**263** people with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/#authors) · [**550** works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/#works) · [**612,652** citations of their works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/#works)

## About

### Profile

This is the German entry in the library's directory of research organisations. It covers the universities, laboratories, companies and other bodies in Germany whose researchers wrote more than one of the papers held on this site. The organisations are ordered by the cited work their scientists did there, and the listing runs onto a second page. The wider directory, covering every kind of organisation, is reached through [all kinds](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/).

The list should be read as a map of where German contributions to the library's collection come from. It is not a census of German science. It shows only works and people on this site. An institution's place in it reflects how much of the cited work in this collection its researchers produced, not its overall size or standing. What stands out is breadth. Large universities appear next to specialised research institutes, industrial laboratories and a university hospital, spread across most of the country's major research cities.

### How the listing is ordered

The order follows the cited work scientists did at each institution. It is not a simple tally of papers. Some organisations with few works here sit near the top because those works have been widely cited. Others with many works sit lower because their papers have drawn less attention so far.

[Constructor University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/constructor-university/) in Bremen heads the list, even though its body of work in our library is small. It is followed by [Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ludwig-maximilians-universitat-munchen/) and the [Technical University of Munich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/technical-university-of-munich/). [Saarland University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/saarland-university/) and [Technische Universität Darmstadt](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/technische-universitat-darmstadt/) come next. Both are among the institutions with the most papers in the collection, and both draw substantial citation attention.

Readers should therefore expect two kinds of institution near the top. Some contribute a steady stream of papers. Others are attached to a few works that have travelled far. The [Max Planck Institute for Software Systems](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/max-planck-institute-for-software-systems/) is the clearest case of the second kind. It appears with only a handful of works, yet these have gathered one of the largest citation totals of any German entry, which places it further down a list where volume and reach are weighed together.

### Universities

Universities make up most of the listing, and they range widely in how they contribute to the collection.

Several universities combine a large body of papers with heavy citation. The [University of Stuttgart](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-stuttgart/) has one of the largest bodies of work in our library, and that work is also very widely cited. [Heidelberg University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/heidelberg-university/) and the [University of Tübingen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-tubingen/) each have a moderate number of papers but a high level of citation. [Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/humboldt-universitat-zu-berlin/) shows a similar pattern: a fairly compact set of works that has been cited very widely.

Other universities stand out more for how much they publish than for citation reach. [Universität Hamburg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/universitat-hamburg/) and the [University of Potsdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-potsdam/) each have many works in our library, with more modest citation totals than the Munich or Stuttgart universities. The same holds for [Ruhr University Bochum](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ruhr-university-bochum/), [Bielefeld University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/bielefeld-university/) and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf. These institutions supply a steady flow of papers whose influence is still building or is concentrated in narrower communities.

A further group contributes smaller sets of work, some of them unusually well cited. [TU Dortmund University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/tu-dortmund-university/) and [Technische Universität Dresden](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/technische-universitat-dresden/) each appear with few works that have drawn considerable attention. Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, in Halle, has only a couple of papers here, but they are well cited. The University of Bonn, the University of Passau and the University of Cologne contribute small but noticeable bodies of work.

The engineering-oriented universities are well represented. [RWTH Aachen University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/rwth-aachen-university/), the [Karlsruhe Institute of Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/karlsruhe-institute-of-technology/), [Technische Universität Berlin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/technische-universitat-berlin/) and the Berliner Hochschule für Technik all appear alongside the Darmstadt and Munich technical universities. Universities known for broader academic profiles also take part, among them [Leipzig University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/leipzig-university/), the [University of Mannheim](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-mannheim/), the University of Freiburg, the University of Göttingen and Friedrich Schiller University Jena. So do institutions with a distinctive character, such as [Bauhaus-Universität Weimar](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/bauhaus-universitat-weimar/) and [Paderborn University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/paderborn-university/). Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg also appears, with a small and so far little-cited presence.

### Research institutes

Non-university research institutes are a second major element of the German listing. Their names point to a concentration in computing, artificial intelligence and information science.

The [German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/german-research-centre-for-artificial-intelligence/), listed under Kaiserslautern, is one of the more productive German entries by number of papers. The [Max Planck Society](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/max-planck-society/), listed in Munich, has a small set of works with very wide citation. Several of its individual institutes appear separately. These are the [Max Planck Institute for Informatics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/max-planck-institute-for-informatics/) and the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems, both in Saarbrücken, and the [Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/max-planck-institute-for-intelligent-systems/) in Stuttgart.

The [Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/heidelberg-institute-for-theoretical-studies/) has a substantial body of work in our library, comparable in number to some of the larger universities, though its citations are more modest. The [Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/fraunhofer-institute-for-intelligent-analysis-and-information-systems/) in Sankt Augustin and the [Hessian Center for Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/hessian-center-for-artificial-intelligence/) in Darmstadt each contribute a few papers. The [Helmholtz Center for Information Security](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/helmholtz-center-for-information-security/) in Saarbrücken and the [Hasso Plattner Institute](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/hasso-plattner-institute/) in Potsdam each have a small number of works that have drawn meaningful citation.

Two institutes widen the picture beyond computing. [Forschungszentrum Jülich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/forschungszentrum-julich/) appears with a few papers. The [DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/dipf-leibniz-institute-for-research-and-information-in-education/) in Frankfurt am Main brings an education-research institution into a list otherwise dominated by technical and scientific bodies.

### Companies and a hospital

Industry is a visible part of the German contribution. The research arms or German offices of several companies are listed in their own right. [Amazon (Germany)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/amazon-germany/), based in Berlin, has only a few works in our library, but they are well cited. [Microsoft (Germany)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/microsoft-germany/), listed in Munich, has a similarly small and well-cited presence.

German industrial firms appear as well. [Robert Bosch](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/robert-bosch-germany/), in Stuttgart, contributes a modest set of papers. [Bayer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/bayer/), in Leverkusen, appears with a small number. The [European Media Laboratory](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/european-media-laboratory/) in Heidelberg is classed as a company and has a handful of works here.

The listing also includes a hospital. [Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/hospitals/charite-universitatsmedizin-berlin/) appears with a few papers. This suggests that some of the German work in the collection reaches into medicine and health, even though the overall emphasis lies elsewhere.

### Regional centres

Grouping the institutions by city shows several clusters within Germany.

Munich is one of the strongest. It is home to Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and the Technical University of Munich, both near the top of the listing. It is also where the Max Planck Society and Microsoft (Germany) are listed. Together these give the city a large share of the most cited German work in our library.

Berlin has the widest variety of institution types. It includes Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Technische Universität Berlin, the Berliner Hochschule für Technik, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Amazon (Germany). Nearby Potsdam adds the University of Potsdam and the Hasso Plattner Institute.

Saarbrücken stands out for its concentration of computing institutions. These are Saarland University, the Max Planck Institute for Informatics, the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems and the Helmholtz Center for Information Security. Taken together, they make the city one of the main German sources of work in the collection.

Southwestern Germany forms another cluster. Stuttgart has the University of Stuttgart, the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems and Robert Bosch. Heidelberg has Heidelberg University, the Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies and the European Media Laboratory. Tübingen, Mannheim, Karlsruhe and Freiburg im Breisgau are close by. In Hesse, Darmstadt pairs Technische Universität Darmstadt with the Hessian Center for Artificial Intelligence, and Frankfurt am Main is the base of the DIPF.

North Rhine-Westphalia contributes a dense network of universities and institutes. These include RWTH Aachen University, TU Dortmund University, Ruhr University Bochum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Bielefeld University, Paderborn University, the University of Cologne, the University of Bonn, the Fraunhofer institute in Sankt Augustin, Forschungszentrum Jülich and Bayer in Leverkusen. Further north and east, Bremen, Hamburg, Leipzig, Dresden, Halle, Jena, Weimar, Göttingen and Erlangen each add one institution or more.

### What the listing suggests about research strengths

The directory lists institutions rather than topics, so any picture of subject strengths can only be drawn indirectly. Many of the research institutes have names that refer to artificial intelligence, informatics, software systems, intelligent systems, intelligent analysis or information security. Several of the most visible universities are technical universities. Together these suggest that the German work collected on this site leans strongly towards computing and related fields.

Other entries soften that picture. An education-research institute, a university hospital, a pharmaceutical and life-science company, and universities with broad humanities and social-science traditions all appear. They indicate that German contributions here are not confined to a single discipline. Readers who want subject detail should follow the links to individual institutions. Their own pages set out their works, people and topics.

### Beyond the first page

The organisations described above are those on the first page of the German listing. More institutions continue on the second page. Those entries have generally done less of the cited work in our library, although some may still hold individual papers of interest.

Because the collection keeps growing, both the membership of the listing and the order of institutions can change as new works are added and existing ones gather citations. The listing is best read as a current snapshot of where, within Germany, the research gathered here has been carried out.

## Where

## Agglomerations (33)

1. [**Munich**5 institutions*145,936 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/munich/)
2. [**Bremen**2 institutions*68,160 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/bremen/)
3. [**Saarbruecken**4 institutions*58,971 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/saarbruecken/)
4. [**Berlin**9 institutions*53,998 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/berlin/)
5. [**Stuttgart**4 institutions*48,738 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/stuttgart/)
6. [**Mannheim**4 institutions*45,641 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/mannheim/)
7. [**Reutlingen**1 institution*40,312 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/reutlingen/)
8. [**Kiel**1 institution*38,850 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/kiel/)
9. [**Augsburg**1 institution*38,318 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/augsburg/)
10. [**Darmstadt**2 institutions*15,928 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/darmstadt/)
11. [**Dortmund**3 institutions*11,368 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/essen/)
12. [**Dresden**2 institutions*7,148 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/dresden/)
13. [**Heerlen**2 institutions*5,695 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/aachen/)
14. [**Kaiserslautern**1 institution*5,199 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/kaiserslautern/)
15. [**Leipzig**1 institution*4,703 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/leipzig/)
16. [**Hamburg**1 institution*4,538 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/hamburg/)
17. [**Paderborn**1 institution*3,209 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/paderborn/)
18. [**Cologne**4 institutions*3,105 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/cologne/)
19. [**Frankfurt am Main**3 institutions*2,787 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/frankfurt/)
20. [**Halle (Saale)**1 institution*2,603 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/halle-saale/)
21. [**Freiburg im Breisgau**1 institution*851 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/freiburg-im-breisgau/)
22. [**Dusseldorf**1 institution*846 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/dusseldorf/)
23. [**Bielefeld**1 institution*574 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/bielefeld/)
24. [**Hanover**1 institution*568 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/hanover/)
25. [**Münster**1 institution*448 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/munster/)

[See all 33 agglomerations →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/agglomerations/)

## Institutions (67)

### 🎓 Universities (46)

**[Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ludwig-maximilians-universitat-munchen/)**University · [Munich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/munich/), Germany*34 works · 53,994 citations*

**[Technical University of Munich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/technical-university-of-munich/)**University · [Munich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/munich/), Germany*15 works · 48,366 citations*

**[University of Stuttgart](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-stuttgart/)**University · [Stuttgart](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/stuttgart/), Germany*64 works · 45,339 citations*

**[Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/humboldt-universitat-zu-berlin/)**University · [Berlin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/berlin/), Germany*12 works · 41,836 citations*

**[University of Tübingen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-tubingen/)**University · [Tübingen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/reutlingen/), Germany*26 works · 40,312 citations*

### 🔬 Labs and research institutes (15)

**[Max Planck Society](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/max-planck-society/)**Research institute · [Munich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/munich/), Germany*7 works · 41,401 citations*

**[Max Planck Institute for Software Systems](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/max-planck-institute-for-software-systems/)**Research institute · [Saarbrücken](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/saarbruecken/), Germany*2 works · 38,552 citations*

**[German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/german-research-centre-for-artificial-intelligence/)**Research institute · [Kaiserslautern](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/kaiserslautern/), Germany*39 works · 5,199 citations*

**[Max Planck Institute for Informatics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/max-planck-institute-for-informatics/)**Research institute · [Saarbrücken](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/saarbruecken/), Germany*9 works · 3,657 citations*

**[DIPF | Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/dipf-leibniz-institute-for-research-and-information-in-education/)**Research institute · [Frankfurt am Main](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/frankfurt/), Germany*6 works · 1,833 citations*

### 🏢 Companies (5)

**[Amazon (Germany)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/amazon-germany/)**Company · [Berlin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/berlin/), Germany*3 works · 4,690 citations*

**[Robert Bosch (Germany)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/robert-bosch-germany/)**Company · [Stuttgart](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/stuttgart/), Germany*6 works · 2,212 citations*

**[Microsoft (Germany)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/microsoft-germany/)**Company · [Munich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/munich/), Germany*3 works · 1,609 citations*

**[European Media Laboratory](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/european-media-laboratory/)**Company · [Heidelberg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/mannheim/), Germany*6 works · 850 citations*

**[Bayer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/bayer/)**Company · [Leverkusen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/cologne/), Germany*2 works · 387 citations*

### 🏥 Hospitals and medical centres (1)

**[Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/hospitals/charite-universitatsmedizin-berlin/)**Hospital · [Berlin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/berlin/), Germany*3 works · 289 citations*

[See all 67 institutions →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/institutions/)

## People (263)

Authors with a page confirmed at its institutions, the most cited first.

[🧑‍🔬**Dzmitry Bahdanau** Constructor University 6 papers here · 56,164 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dzmitry-bahdanau/) · [🧑‍🔬**Olaf Ronneberger** University of Freiburg 2 papers here · 46,711 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/olaf-ronneberger/) · [🧑‍🔬**Franz Josef Och** RWTH Aachen University 11 papers here · 23,468 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/franz-josef-och/) · [🧑‍🔬**Iryna Gurevych** Technische Universität Darmstadt 45 papers here · 16,946 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/iryna-gurevych/) · [🧑‍🔬**Hermann Ney** RWTH Aachen University 13 papers here · 13,687 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hermann-ney/) · [🧑‍🔬**Thorsten Joachims** TU Dortmund University 2 papers here · 11,736 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/thorsten-joachims/) · [🧑‍🔬**Hinrich Schütze** Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 16 papers here · 11,134 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hinrich-schutze/) · [🧑‍🔬**Christian Federmann** German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence 17 papers here · 8,839 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/christian-federmann/) · [🧑‍🔬**Timo Schick** Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 9 papers here · 8,683 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/timo-schick/) · [🧑‍🔬**Marcos Zampieri** Saarland University 15 papers here · 7,896 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marcos-zampieri/) · [🧑‍🔬**Daryna Dementieva** Technical University of Munich 4 papers here · 7,750 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daryna-dementieva/) · [🧑‍🔬**Ivan Vulić** University of Mannheim 14 papers here · 7,366 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ivan-vulic/)

[See all 263 people →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/people/)

## Works in our library (550)

Works of its institutions, the most cited first.

1. [**SciPy 1.0 — Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python**Pauli Virtanen, Ralf Gommers, Travis E. Oliphant, et al.*2019 · 38,317 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/virtanen-2019-scipy-1-0-fundamental-algorithms/)
2. [**Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate**Dzmitry Bahdanau, Kyunghyun Cho, Yoshua Bengio*2014 · 18,908 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bahdanau-2014-neural-machine-translation-jointly-learning/)
3. [**Text Categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with Many Relevant Features**Thorsten Joachims*1998 · 8,304 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/joachims-1998-text-categorization-support-vector-machines/)
4. [**On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches**Kyunghyun Cho, Bart van Merrienboer, Dzmitry Bahdanau, et al.*2014 · 7,734 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cho-2014-properties-neural-machine-translation-encoder/)
5. [**ChatGPT for Good? On Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models for Education**Enkelejda Kasneci, Kathrin Seßler, Stefan Küchemann, et al.*2023 · 7,429 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kasneci-2023-chatgpt-good-opportunities-challenges-large/)
6. [**Visual Genome: Connecting Language and Vision Using Crowdsourced Dense Image Annotations**Ranjay Krishna, Yuke Zhu, Oliver Groth, et al.*2016 · 5,747 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/krishna-2016-visual-genome-connecting-language-vision/)
7. [**A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scores**Matt Post*2018 · 4,130 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/post-2018-call-clarity-reporting-bleu-scores/)
8. [**Lexicon-Based Methods for Sentiment Analysis**Maite Taboada, Julian Brooke, Milan Tofiloski, et al.*2011 · 3,556 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/taboada-2011-lexicon-based-methods-sentiment-analysis/)
9. [**Continual Lifelong Learning with Neural Networks: A Review**German I. Parisi, Ronald Kemker, Jose L. Part, et al.*2018 · 3,210 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/parisi-2018-continual-lifelong-learning-neural-networks/)
10. [**Exploring the Space of Topic Coherence Measures**Michael Röder, Andreas Both, Alexander Hinneburg*2015 · 2,368 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/roder-2015-exploring-space-topic-coherence-measures/)
11. [**chrF: character n-gram F-score for automatic MT evaluation**Maja Popović*2015 · 2,105 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/popovic-2015-chrf-character-n-gram-f/)
12. [**Knowledge Graphs**Aidan Hogan, Eva Blomqvist, Michael Cochez, et al.*2020 · 2,011 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hogan-2020-knowledge-graphs/)
13. [**A Survey on Hate Speech Detection using Natural Language Processing**Anna Schmidt, Michael Wiegand*2017 · 1,799 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schmidt-2017-survey-hate-speech-detection-natural/)
14. [**Exploiting Cloze-Questions for Few-Shot Text Classification and Natural Language Inference**Timo Schick, Hinrich Schütze*2021 · 1,796 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schick-2021-exploiting-cloze-questions-few-shot/)
15. [**Attention-Based Models for Speech Recognition**Jan Chorowski, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Dmitriy Serdyuk, et al.*2015 · 1,776 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chorowski-2015-attention-based-models-speech-recognition/)
16. [**TnT – A Statistical Part-of-Speech Tagger**Thorsten Brants*2000 · 1,756 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/brants-2000-tnt-statistical-part-speech-tagger/)
17. [**Multimodal Compact Bilinear Pooling for Visual Question Answering and Visual Grounding**Akira Fukui, Dong Huk Park, Daylen Yang, et al.*2016 · 1,642 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fukui-2016-multimodal-compact-bilinear-pooling-visual/)
18. [**How Can We Know What Language Models Know?**Zhengbao Jiang, Frank F. Xu, Jun Araki, et al.*2020 · 1,493 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jiang-2020-how-can-we-know-what/)
19. [**Improved Statistical Alignment Models**Franz Josef Och, Hermann Ney*2000 · 1,467 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/och-2000-improved-statistical-alignment-models/)
20. [**ELAN: a Professional Framework for Multimodality Research**Peter Wittenburg, Hennie Brugman, Albert Russel, et al.*2006 · 1,427 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wittenburg-2006-elan-professional-framework-multimodality-research/)
21. [**Fast Graph Representation Learning with PyTorch Geometric**Matthias Fey, Jan Eric Lenssen*2019 · 1,413 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/fey-2019-fast-graph-representation-learning-pytorch/)
22. [**Climbing towards NLU: On Meaning, Form, and Understanding in the Age of Data**Emily M. Bender, Alexander Koller*2020 · 1,371 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bender-2020-climbing-nlu-meaning-form-understanding/)
23. [**Making Monolingual Sentence Embeddings Multilingual using Knowledge Distillation**Nils Reimers, Iryna Gurevych*2020 · 1,320 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/reimers-2020-making-monolingual-sentence-embeddings-multilingual/)
24. [**It's Not Just Size That Matters: Small Language Models Are Also Few-Shot Learners**Timo Schick, Hinrich Schütze*2021 · 1,118 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schick-2021-it-s-not-just-size/)
25. [**ABCNN: Attention-Based Convolutional Neural Network for Modeling Sentence Pairs**Wenpeng Yin, Hinrich Schütze, Bing Xiang, et al.*2016 · 1,048 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yin-2016-abcnn-attention-based-convolutional-neural/)

[See all 550 works →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/germany/works/)

## Topics

Topics of its works in our library, with the number of works on each.

[Coreference resolution (79)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/) · [Machine translation (55)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) · [Semitic languages (55)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · [Evaluation & benchmarks (51)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/) · [Discourse analysis (44)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/discourse-analysis/) · [Multilingual & cross-lingual NLP (44)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multilingual-nlp/) · [Language models & pretraining (41)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · [Dialogue systems (20)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dialogue-systems/) · [Reasoning (19)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/) · [Universal Dependencies (18)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/universal-dependencies/) · [Sentiment & emotion (15)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/sentiment-emotion/) · [Morphology (15)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/morphology/) · [Idioms & multiword expressions (14)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multiword-expressions/) · [Hebrew & Aramaic (13)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/hebrew-aramaic/) · [Semantic role labeling (12)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-role-labeling/) · [Historical linguistics & language change (12)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-change/) · [Low-resource languages (11)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/low-resource-languages/) · [Text generation (10)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/text-generation/) · [Speech act theory (9)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech-act-theory/) · [Treebanks (9)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/treebanks/) · [Question answering (9)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/question-answering/) · [Syntax & grammar formalisms (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/syntax-grammar/) · [Dependency parsing (7)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dependency-parsing/) · [Lexical semantics & word embeddings (7)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/lexical-semantics/) · [Semantic parsing & meaning representation (7)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-parsing/) · [Speech & spoken language (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech/) · [Knowledge graphs & ontologies (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/knowledge-graphs/) · [Tokenization & segmentation (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/tokenization/) · [Implicature (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/implicature/) · [Psycholinguistics & language acquisition (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/psycholinguistics/) · [Bias, fairness & safety (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/bias-fairness-safety/) · [Vision & language (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multimodal/) · [Part-of-speech tagging (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/) · [Interpretability (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/interpretability/) · [Named entity recognition (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/named-entity-recognition/) · [Summarization (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/summarization/) · [Legal AI (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/legal-ai/) · [Information retrieval & search (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-retrieval/) · [Akkadian and cuneiform NLP (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/akkadian-cuneiform-nlp/) · [Information extraction (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-extraction/) · [Grammatical error correction & learner language (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/grammatical-error-correction/) · [Word sense disambiguation (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/word-sense-disambiguation/) · [Code & programming languages (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/code-and-programming/) · [Latin (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/latin/) · [Ancient Greek (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/ancient-greek/)

## Fields

[Linguistics & languages (390)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/) · [Natural language processing (149)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/) · [Machine translation (82)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/machine-translation/) · [AI & machine learning (15)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/ai/) · [History & humanities (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/history/) · [Computing & GPUs (7)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computing/) · [Education (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/education/) · [Mathematics & statistics (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/mathematics/) · [Law (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/law/) · [Vision, graphics & robotics (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/vision-robotics/) · [Life sciences & medicine (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/life-sciences/) · [Society & ethics (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/society/)

## Works by year

200,020,102,020

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