---
title: "Italy — research institutions, scientists and papers"
description: "Italy: 27 institutions with papers in our library in 14 agglomerations, 118 people with a page, 187 works, 146,127 citations."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/italy/"
---
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# Italy

Country 27 institutions in 14 agglomerations · [all countries](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/)

[**27** institutions with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/italy/#institutions) · [**14** agglomerations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/italy/#agglomerations) · [**118** people with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/italy/#authors) · [**187** works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/italy/#works) · [**146,127** citations of their works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/italy/#works)

## About

### Profile

This listing brings together the universities, laboratories, companies and other organisations in Italy whose researchers wrote at least two of the papers held in the library. It is a directory rather than a single institution. Each entry leads to its own page, where the people, works and topics of that organisation are set out. The country page ranks its members by how much the work their scientists did there has been cited. It sits within the library's wider index of [research organisations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/) of all kinds and is reached at the [Italy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/country/it/) country address.

The list covers only the papers in our library, so it shows one slice of Italian research and not a census of it. An institution appears once its researchers reach the threshold of two or more works here. Its position depends on the citations those works have gathered, not on the number of papers. Large and small bodies therefore sit side by side, and the order can change as the collection grows.

### Shape of the list

Most entries are universities, but the list also includes independent research institutes, nonprofit research bodies, a European government body and an industrial company. The variety shows that papers in the library come from several parts of the Italian research system: the public universities, the national and regional research organisations, joint centres between industry and academia, and a manufacturer.

The ranking uses citations, and some entries contribute many works while others contribute very few. Several of the most cited bodies sit high because a small number of their works have been cited heavily, not because they produced a large share of the papers. Others place lower even though their researchers wrote many works here, because those works have so far drawn less attention. The list shows influence in citations within the collection, and output in papers only indirectly.

### Trento

The city with the most entries is Trento. The [University of Trento](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-trento/) heads the ranking. Among Italian institutions on this site, its researchers have written the largest body of works, and those works are widely cited.

Second is the [Fondazione Bruno Kessler](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/fondazione-bruno-kessler/), a research institute in the same city. It has fewer works here than the University of Trento, but its works have drawn more citations, among the highest totals in the country list. Its place shows how a compact set of heavily cited papers can lift an institute near the top.

Two more Trento bodies appear. The [Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/istituto-per-la-ricerca-scientifica-e-tecnologica/) is listed as a research institute with a small set of well-cited works. [The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/ngos/the-microsoft-research-university-of-trento-centre-for-computational-and-systems/) is a nonprofit whose name marks it as a joint centre between a company research division and the university, with a stated focus on computational and systems biology. With four entries, the Trento area has more institutions in the list than any other city, and their papers carry much of Italy's citation weight on this site.

### Rome

Rome has four entries. The [Sapienza University of Rome](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/sapienza-university-of-rome/) ranks third, with one of the larger bodies of Italian works in the library and a strong citation record. The [National Research Council](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/ngos/national-research-council/) is listed as a nonprofit based in Rome. It has fewer works than Sapienza but more citations in total, which places it fourth.

The [University of Rome Tor Vergata](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-rome-tor-vergata/) appears in the middle of the list with a modest set of works. [Leonardo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/leonardo/), the only company among the Italian entries, is also in Rome. It has a small number of works here, and they show that industrial research is part of the Italian contribution to the collection.

### Milan

Milan also has four entries, and they vary more than those of any other city. The [University of Milano-Bicocca](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-milano-bicocca/) ranks sixth, with a moderate set of well-cited works. [Bocconi University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/bocconi-university/) follows closely, with more works than Milano-Bicocca but fewer citations.

The [Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/universita-cattolica-del-sacro-cuore/) has a few works that have so far been little cited. The [University of Milan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-milan/) is the most striking case in the whole list. It has only a handful of works here, yet their combined citations exceed those of every other Italian institution, including the Fondazione Bruno Kessler. It still sits far down the ranking. The country page therefore weighs more than raw citation totals, probably the share of cited work that the institution's own scientists did there. Readers who want to know why should open the University of Milan's page, which lists the works and authors behind that figure.

### Pisa

Pisa has three entries, two of them specialised research institutes. The [Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione "Alessandro Faedo"](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/istituto-di-scienza-e-tecnologie-dell-informazione-alessandro-faedo/) has very few works in the library, but they are heavily cited. As its name indicates, it works in information science and technology.

The [University of Pisa](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-pisa/) has a larger and steadily cited set of works. The [Institute for Computational Linguistics “A. Zampolli”](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/institute-for-computational-linguistics-a-zampolli/) has a sizeable number of works, more than several institutions ranked above it, though with fewer citations. Its name points to computational linguistics. With a university and two information and language institutes in one city, Pisa forms a distinct cluster within the Italian part of the collection.

### Other university cities

Several universities stand alone for their cities. The [University of Turin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-turin/) ranks fifth. Its sizeable and well-cited set of works makes Turin one of the more prominent single-institution cities in the list.

The [University of Padua](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-padua/) ranks seventh. It has only a few works, but their citations are high relative to their number. The [University of Bologna](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-bologna/) has a moderate set of works with a more modest citation total.

Further down are universities whose works are fewer or have been cited less so far. The [University of Bari Aldo Moro](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-bari-aldo-moro/) has very few works, but they are well cited, so it stands out among the lower-placed entries. The [University of Pavia](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-pavia/) and the [Ca' Foscari University of Venice](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ca-foscari-university-of-venice/) follow. Ca' Foscari has a comparatively large number of works for its position. The [University of Naples - L'Orientale](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-naples-l-orientale/) has a small, moderately cited set.

The [University of Genoa](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-genoa/), the [University of Florence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-florence/), the [University of Siena](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-siena/) and the [University of Verona](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-verona/) complete the list. For the University of Florence, no citations are shown for its works in our library. These entries have met the threshold for inclusion, but their papers in the library have not yet gathered much citation.

### A European body at Ispra

One entry is a government body rather than an Italian national institution. The [Joint Research Centre](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/joint-research-centre/) is listed at Ispra, Italy, and is the only government body among the Italian entries. It has a small number of works with a moderate citation total. Its presence shows that the country list follows where papers were written and does not separate national from international bodies located in Italy.

### Research strengths

The country page does not set out topics or fields for Italy as a whole. Those are given on the pages of individual institutions. The institution names, however, show some recurring themes. Information science and technology, computational linguistics, and computational and systems biology all appear in the names of dedicated research units. These units are concentrated in Trento and Pisa, and several of them rank high for citations.

In Trento, two independent research institutes, a joint centre with a company research division and a university together account for much of the Italian citation weight on this site. In Pisa, an information science institute and a computational linguistics institute sit alongside the university. These pairings of universities with specialised institutes in the same city are the clearest pattern the list shows. For the actual subjects, papers and authors, readers should go to each institution's page.

### Leading scientists, landmark works and collaborations

The country page lists institutions, not individual researchers or papers. It does not name authors, single out particular works, or show co-authorship between Italian bodies or with partners abroad. Each institution's page gives its most cited works, its researchers in ranked order, and the institutions and countries its scientists have written with.

The list does show one link between organisations: the joint centre in Trento bears the names of both a company research division and the University of Trento. Its existence shows a formal partnership between industry and the university behind some of the Italian works here.

### Reading the ranking

Several patterns help when reading the list. The top places go to a mix of large universities and compact research institutes, so no single type of organisation leads. High citation totals can come from very few works, as with the University of Milan, the Pisa information science institute and the University of Bari Aldo Moro. Large numbers of works do not guarantee a high place, as Ca' Foscari and the Institute for Computational Linguistics show. The concentration of entries in Trento, Rome, Milan and Pisa reflects where the papers in our library come from, not the overall size of research in those cities.

The list depends on the library's holdings, so it will change as papers are added. Institutions may join once their researchers reach the threshold, and positions may shift as citations accumulate.

## Where

## Agglomerations (14)

1. [**Trento**4 institutions*59,387 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/trento/)
2. [**Milan**4 institutions*45,460 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/milan/)
3. [**Rome**4 institutions*15,585 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/rome/)
4. [**Pisa**3 institutions*10,199 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/pisa/)
5. [**Turin**1 institution*6,124 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/turin/)
6. [**Padua**1 institution*3,921 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/padua/)
7. [**Bari**1 institution*2,185 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/bari/)
8. [**Bologna**1 institution*1,590 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/bologna/)
9. [**Naples**1 institution*420 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/naples/)
10. [**Venice**1 institution*266 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/venice/)
11. [**Pavia**1 institution*68 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/pavia/)
12. [**Genoa**1 institution*58 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/genoa/)
13. [**Verona**1 institution*12 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/verona/)
14. [**Florence**1 institution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/florence/)

## Institutions (27)

### 🎓 Universities (19)

**[University of Milan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-milan/)**University · [Milan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/milan/), Italy*3 works · 38,686 citations*

**[University of Trento](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-trento/)**University · [Trento](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/trento/), Italy*50 works · 13,649 citations*

**[Sapienza University of Rome](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/sapienza-university-of-rome/)**University · [Rome](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/rome/), Italy*29 works · 6,807 citations*

**[University of Turin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-turin/)**University · [Turin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/turin/), Italy*21 works · 6,124 citations*

**[University of Milano-Bicocca](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-milano-bicocca/)**University · [Milan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/milan/), Italy*9 works · 4,698 citations*

### 🔬 Labs and research institutes (4)

**[Fondazione Bruno Kessler](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/fondazione-bruno-kessler/)**Research institute · [Trento](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/trento/), Italy*18 works · 42,903 citations*

**[Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione "Alessandro Faedo"](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/istituto-di-scienza-e-tecnologie-dell-informazione-alessandro-faedo/)**Research institute · [Pisa](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/pisa/), Italy*2 works · 5,787 citations*

**[Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/istituto-per-la-ricerca-scientifica-e-tecnologica/)**Research institute · [Trento](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/trento/), Italy*4 works · 2,324 citations*

**[Institute for Computational Linguistics “A. Zampolli”](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/institute-for-computational-linguistics-a-zampolli/)**Research institute · [Pisa](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/pisa/), Italy*12 works · 982 citations*

### 🏢 Companies (1)

**[Leonardo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/leonardo/)**Company · [Rome](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/rome/), Italy*2 works · 235 citations*

### 🤝 Nonprofits (2)

**[National Research Council](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/ngos/national-research-council/)**Nonprofit · [Rome](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/rome/), Italy*8 works · 7,336 citations*

**[The Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/ngos/the-microsoft-research-university-of-trento-centre-for-computational-and-systems/)**Nonprofit · [Trento](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/trento/), Italy*2 works · 511 citations*

### 🏛️ Government research bodies (1)

**[Joint Research Centre](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/joint-research-centre/)**Government body · Ispra, Italy*2 works · 812 citations*

[See all 27 institutions →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/italy/institutions/)

## People (118)

Authors with a page confirmed at its institutions, the most cited first.

[🧑‍🔬**Fabrizio Sebastiani** National Research Council 3 papers here · 15,033 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/fabrizio-sebastiani/) · [🧑‍🔬**Marco Baroni** University of Trento 16 papers here · 9,626 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marco-baroni/) · [🧑‍🔬**Marcello Federico** Fondazione Bruno Kessler 12 papers here · 8,161 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marcello-federico/) · [🧑‍🔬**Angeliki Lazaridou** University of Trento 5 papers here · 7,531 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/angeliki-lazaridou/) · [🧑‍🔬**Dirk Hovy** Bocconi University 18 papers here · 6,681 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dirk-hovy/) · [🧑‍🔬**Massimo Poesio** University of Trento 47 papers here · 6,424 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/massimo-poesio/) · [🧑‍🔬**Roberto Navigli** Sapienza University of Rome 23 papers here · 6,193 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/roberto-navigli/) · [🧑‍🔬**Andrea Esuli** National Research Council 2 papers here · 5,788 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/andrea-esuli/) · [🧑‍🔬**Michele Bevilacqua** Sapienza University of Rome 3 papers here · 5,526 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/michele-bevilacqua/) · [🧑‍🔬**Germán Kruszewski** University of Trento 4 papers here · 5,198 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/german-kruszewski/) · [🧑‍🔬**Marco Turchi** Fondazione Bruno Kessler 7 papers here · 4,842 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marco-turchi/) · [🧑‍🔬**Matteo Negri** Fondazione Bruno Kessler 11 papers here · 4,744 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/matteo-negri/)

[See all 118 people →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/italy/people/)

## Works in our library (187)

Works of its institutions, the most cited first.

1. [**SciPy 1.0 — Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python**Pauli Virtanen, Ralf Gommers, Travis E. Oliphant, et al.*2019 · 38,317 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/virtanen-2019-scipy-1-0-fundamental-algorithms/)
2. [**SentiWordNet 3.0: An Enhanced Lexical Resource for Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining**Stefano Baccianella, Andrea Esuli, Fabrizio Sebastiani*2010 · 3,068 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baccianella-2010-sentiwordnet-3-0-enhanced-lexical/)
3. [**SENTIWORDNET: A Publicly Available Lexical Resource for Opinion Mining**Andrea Esuli, Fabrizio Sebastiani*2006 · 2,719 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/esuli-2006-sentiwordnet-publicly-available-lexical-resource/)
4. [**Knowledge Graphs**Aidan Hogan, Eva Blomqvist, Michael Cochez, et al.*2020 · 2,011 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hogan-2020-knowledge-graphs/)
5. [**The Penn Discourse TreeBank 2.0.**Rashmi Prasad, Nikhil Dinesh, Alan Lee, et al.*2008 · 1,793 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/prasad-2008-penn-discourse-treebank-2-0/)
6. [**Survey Article: Inter-Coder Agreement for Computational Linguistics**Ron Artstein, Massimo Poesio*2008 · 1,770 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/artstein-2008-survey-article-inter-coder-agreement/)
7. [**Don't count, predict! A systematic comparison of context-counting vs. context-predicting semantic vectors**Marco Baroni, Georgiana Dinu, Germán Kruszewski*2014 · 1,678 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baroni-2014-don-t-count-predict-systematic/)
8. [**Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalization**Victor Sanh, Albert Webson, Colin Raffel, et al.*2021 · 1,577 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sanh-2021-multitask-prompted-training-enables-zero/)
9. [**WordNet Affect: an Affective Extension of WordNet**Carlo Strapparava, Alessandro Valitutti*2004 · 1,573 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/strapparava-2004-wordnet-affect-affective-extension-wordnet/)
10. [**SemEval-2019 Task 5: Multilingual Detection of Hate Speech Against Immigrants and Women in Twitter**Valerio Basile, Cristina Bosco, Elisabetta Fersini, et al.*2019 · 1,311 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/basile-2019-semeval-2019-task-5-multilingual/)
11. [**A SICK cure for the evaluation of compositional distributional semantic models**Marco Marelli, Stefano Menini, Marco Baroni, et al.*2014 · 1,085 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/marelli-2014-sick-cure-evaluation-compositional-distributional/)
12. [**SemEval-2016 Task 4: Sentiment Analysis in Twitter**Preslav Nakov, Alan Ritter, Sara Rosenthal, et al.*2016 · 1,081 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nakov-2016-semeval-2016-task-4-sentiment/)
13. [**CoNLL-2012 Shared Task: Modeling Multilingual Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes**Sameer Pradhan, Alessandro Moschitti, Nianwen Xue, et al.*2012 · 1,064 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pradhan-2012-conll-2012-shared-task-modeling/)
14. [**Findings of the 2016 Conference on Machine Translation**Ondřej Bojar, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, et al.*2016 · 936 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bojar-2016-findings-2016-conference-machine-translation/)
15. [**Distributional Memory: A General Framework for Corpus-Based Semantics**Marco Baroni, Alessandro Lenci*2010 · 879 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baroni-2010-distributional-memory-general-framework-corpus/)
16. [**TAGME: On-the-fly Annotation of Short Text Fragments (by Wikipedia Entities)**Paolo Ferragina, Ugo Scaiella*2010 · 849 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ferragina-2010-tagme-fly-annotation-short/)
17. [**Aspect-based Sentiment Classification with Aspect-specific Graph Convolutional Networks**Chen Zhang, Qiuchi Li, Dawei Song*2019 · 807 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2019-aspect-based-sentiment-classification-aspect/)
18. [**Espresso: Leveraging Generic Patterns for Automatically Harvesting Semantic Relations**Patrick Pantel, Marco Pennacchiotti*2006 · 680 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pantel-2006-espresso-leveraging-generic-patterns-automatically/)
19. [**The JRC-Acquis: A Multilingual Aligned Parallel Corpus with 20+ Languages**Ralf Steinberger, Bruno Pouliquen, Anna Widiger, et al.*2006 · 656 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/steinberger-2006-jrc-acquis-multilingual-aligned-parallel/)
20. [**The CoNLL-2009 Shared Task: Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies in Multiple Languages**Jan Hajič, Massimiliano Ciaramita, Richard Johansson, et al.*2009 · 631 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hajic-2009-conll-2009-shared-task-syntactic/)
21. [**CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies**Daniel Zeman, Martin Popel, Milan Straka, et al.*2017 · 604 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zeman-2017-conll-2017-shared-task-multilingual/)
22. [**SemEval-2014 Task 1: Evaluation of Compositional Distributional Semantic Models on Full Sentences through Semantic Relatedness and Textual Entailment**Marco Marelli, Luisa Bentivogli, Marco Baroni, et al.*2014 · 520 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/marelli-2014-semeval-2014-task-1-evaluation/)
23. [**The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse context**Denis Paperno, Germán Kruszewski, Angeliki Lazaridou, et al.*2016 · 506 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/paperno-2016-lambada-dataset-word-prediction-requiring/)
24. [**Word Sense Disambiguation: A Unified Evaluation Framework and Empirical Comparison**Alessandro Raganato, Jose Camacho-Collados, Roberto Navigli*2017 · 483 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/raganato-2017-word-sense-disambiguation-unified-evaluation/)
25. [**HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in English**Tommaso Caselli, Valerio Basile, Jelena Mitrović, et al.*2021 · 481 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/caselli-2021-hatebert-retraining-bert-abusive-language/)

[See all 187 works →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/italy/works/)

## Topics

Topics of its works in our library, with the number of works on each.

[Evaluation & benchmarks (25)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/) · [Sentiment & emotion (21)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/sentiment-emotion/) · [Multilingual & cross-lingual NLP (17)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multilingual-nlp/) · [Coreference resolution (16)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/) · [Machine translation (14)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) · [Language models & pretraining (12)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · [Word sense disambiguation (11)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/word-sense-disambiguation/) · [Semitic languages (11)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · [Hebrew & Aramaic (10)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/hebrew-aramaic/) · [Semantic role labeling (9)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-role-labeling/) · [Discourse analysis (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/discourse-analysis/) · [Bias, fairness & safety (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/bias-fairness-safety/) · [Universal Dependencies (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/universal-dependencies/) · [Treebanks (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/treebanks/) · [Latin (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/latin/) · [Historical linguistics & language change (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-change/) · [Dialogue systems (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dialogue-systems/) · [Lexical semantics & word embeddings (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/lexical-semantics/) · [Morphology (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/morphology/) · [Knowledge graphs & ontologies (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/knowledge-graphs/) · [Idioms & multiword expressions (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multiword-expressions/) · [Speech act theory (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech-act-theory/) · [Legal AI (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/legal-ai/) · [Vision & language (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multimodal/) · [Implicature (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/implicature/) · [Reasoning (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/) · [Semantic parsing & meaning representation (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-parsing/) · [Part-of-speech tagging (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/) · [Information extraction (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-extraction/) · [Text generation (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/text-generation/) · [Speech & spoken language (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech/) · [Ancient Greek (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/ancient-greek/) · [Information retrieval & search (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-retrieval/) · [Syntax & grammar formalisms (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/syntax-grammar/) · [Psycholinguistics & language acquisition (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/psycholinguistics/)

## Fields

[Linguistics & languages (121)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/) · [Natural language processing (63)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/) · [Machine translation (23)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/machine-translation/) · [AI & machine learning (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/ai/) · [Law (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/law/) · [History & humanities (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/history/) · [Computing & GPUs (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computing/) · [Mathematics & statistics (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/mathematics/) · [Society & ethics (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/society/)

## Works by year

200,020,102,020

- [← back to](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/) — countries