---
title: "Netherlands — research institutions, scientists and papers"
description: "Netherlands: 19 institutions with papers in our library in 9 agglomerations, 86 people with a page, 204 works, 108,411 citations."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/netherlands/"
---
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# Netherlands

Country 19 institutions in 9 agglomerations · [all countries](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/)

[**19** institutions with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/netherlands/#institutions) · [**9** agglomerations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/netherlands/#agglomerations) · [**86** people with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/netherlands/#authors) · [**204** works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/netherlands/#works) · [**108,411** citations of their works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/netherlands/#works)

## About

### Profile

The [Netherlands](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/country/nl/) appears in this library as a group of universities, research institutes, government bodies and one company whose scientists have contributed papers to the collection. A Dutch institution is listed only when more than one paper in our library can be traced to researchers working there, so the group reflects repeated contributions rather than isolated ones. The institutions are ordered by how much cited work their scientists produced while based at them. That gives a rough sense of where, among the works here, the most widely referenced Dutch research was done.

The Dutch group mixes several kinds of organisation. General and technical universities make up most of it. Alongside them are dedicated research institutes, two government bodies, and a company. The institutions are spread across many Dutch cities, from Groningen in the north to Maastricht in the south, and from The Hague and Leiden in the west to Enschede in the east. Amsterdam has more institutions in the group than any other city. Readers who want to compare the Netherlands with other places can move from this group to the [full directory of institutions](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/), which covers every kind of organisation and country in the library.

### The shape of the list

The [University of Amsterdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-amsterdam/) stands at the head of the Dutch group. Among the works in our library, it has both the widest body of papers of any Dutch institution and the largest share of citations by a wide margin. Its position at the top does not depend on a single highly cited paper. It rests on a broad and sustained presence in the collection.

Second is the [Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/max-planck-institute-for-psycholinguistics/) in Nijmegen, which is a research institute rather than a university. It is placed so high because its relatively small set of papers here has drawn a great deal of attention. Its contribution is concentrated: few works, much cited. That is a different pattern from the broad base of the university above it.

The order of the list is not simply a count of papers. Some universities with a larger presence in the collection sit below others whose work has been cited more heavily. The ranking also seems to weigh how cited work is attributed to the scientists at each institution, not only the raw totals. The list is best read as a guide to where influential work in our library came from, not as a ranking of the institutions themselves.

### Universities

After the two top entries comes a run of general universities. The [University of Groningen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-groningen/), in the north of the country, has one of the larger bodies of work among the Dutch institutions here. [Tilburg University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/tilburg-university/) follows. Its scientists have written a substantial number of papers in our library, and these are cited more heavily than those of several neighbouring entries. [Utrecht University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/utrecht-university/) comes next, with a smaller but notable presence.

Amsterdam's second general university, the [Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/vrije-universiteit-amsterdam/), has a considerable number of papers in the collection, comparable to Groningen and Tilburg. Together with the University of Amsterdam, it gives the capital a strong university presence in the Dutch group. Nijmegen has a university of its own, [Radboud University Nijmegen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/radboud-university-nijmegen/), which sits alongside the Max Planck institute in the same city. [Leiden University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/leiden-university/) completes this middle band of general universities. Its body of work here is similar in size to Utrecht's.

The technical universities are represented too, though each has only a small number of papers in our library. [Eindhoven University of Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/eindhoven-university-of-technology/), the [University of Twente](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-twente/) in Enschede, and [Delft University of Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/delft-university-of-technology/) each appear with a modest group of works. These papers are cited at a level that keeps them in the middle of the list rather than at its foot. [Maastricht University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/maastricht-university/), in the far south, has a similarly small group of papers. Relative to their number, those papers have drawn a fair amount of citation.

Two more institutions are classed as universities in the directory. The [Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/instituut-voor-de-nederlandse-taal/) in Leiden takes its name from the Dutch language. The [Protestant Theological University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/protestant-theological-university/) in Utrecht takes its name from theology. Both appear near the end of the list. Their works in our library are few and have so far drawn little citation.

### Research institutes

Apart from the Max Planck institute in Nijmegen, three Dutch research institutes appear in the group. The [Huygens Institute for History and Culture of the Netherlands](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/huygens-institute-for-history-and-culture-of-the-netherlands/) is based in Amsterdam. As its name indicates, it is devoted to the history and culture of the country. It has a small number of works here, with limited citation so far.

[Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/data-archiving-and-networked-services-dans/) is located in The Hague. Its name points to the archiving of research data and to networked services. Among the institutes and smaller bodies at the lower end of the list, DANS has a comparatively large number of papers in our library, though they are not heavily cited. That makes it one of the clearest cases of steady contribution without wide citation so far.

These institutes show a feature of the Dutch group that a list of universities alone would hide. Specialised bodies working on language, history, culture and research data have a recurring presence in the collection, even where their citation footprint is small.

### Government bodies and industry

Two government bodies appear among the Dutch institutions. The [Joint Research Centre](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/joint-research-centre-nl/) is listed at Petten. Its few papers in our library are well cited for their number, placing it above several universities in the order. The [Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/royal-netherlands-academy-of-arts-and-sciences/), in Amsterdam, appears with a small number of papers and little citation so far.

Industry is represented by a single company, [Philips](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/philips/), listed in Amsterdam. It has a small number of works in the collection and modest citation. Its inclusion shows that company research is part of the Dutch contribution to this library, though only a minor part of the cited work here.

### Geography

Amsterdam is the city with the most institutions in the Dutch group. It hosts two general universities, the national academy, the Huygens Institute and Philips as listed here. Taken together, the Amsterdam institutions account for most of the cited Dutch work in our library, largely because of the University of Amsterdam.

Nijmegen is the second centre in terms of cited work, through the combination of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics and Radboud University Nijmegen. Leiden and Utrecht each have two institutions in the group: Leiden has its university and the institute for the Dutch language, and Utrecht has its university and the Protestant Theological University. The Hague is represented by DANS, and Petten by the Joint Research Centre.

The rest of the country appears through single universities: Groningen in the north, Tilburg, Eindhoven and Maastricht in the south, Enschede in the east and Delft in the west. The result is a wide geographical spread. Almost every major Dutch university city has at least one institution with repeated contributions to the collection.

### Fields suggested by the institutions

The Dutch directory entry lists institutions rather than topics, so the fields of research cannot be read directly from it. The names and types of the institutions still give some indications. A research institute devoted to psycholinguistics, an institute named for the Dutch language, an institute for history and culture, a data archiving service and a theological university together point to a strong presence of language, the humanities and research infrastructure among the Dutch works here. The technical universities at Delft, Eindhoven and Twente, the Joint Research Centre and Philips point to engineering, applied science and industrial research, though their share of the collection is smaller.

The general universities, from Amsterdam and Groningen to Leiden, Utrecht, Tilburg and Maastricht, are broad institutions whose papers may come from many disciplines. Readers interested in particular subjects should follow the links to each institution, where its own works, people and topics are set out in detail.

### Reading the Dutch contribution

Two patterns stand out across the Dutch institutions. The first is concentration: one university and one research institute account for the great majority of the cited Dutch work among the papers here. The second is breadth: many other universities, institutes, public bodies and a company each contribute a handful of papers, often with modest citation. This makes the Dutch presence on this site both focused and wide.

All of this describes only what the library currently holds. The collection grows over time, and the order of the institutions, as well as their relative weight, may shift as further papers by Dutch researchers are added. The list should therefore be read as a picture of the Netherlands within this library, not as a measure of Dutch research as a whole.

## Where

## Agglomerations (9)

1. [**Amsterdam**6 institutions*83,923 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/amsterdam/)
2. [**Arnhem**2 institutions*12,883 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/arnhem/)
3. [**Tilburg**1 institution*5,198 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/tilburg/)
4. [**Groningen**1 institution*3,767 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/groningen/)
5. [**Rotterdam The Hague**4 institutions*1,116 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/rotterdam-the-hague/)
6. [**Utrecht**2 institutions*723 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/utrecht/)
7. [**Maastricht**1 institution*426 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/maastricht/)
8. [**Eindhoven**1 institution*247 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/eindhoven/)
9. [**Enschede**1 institution*128 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/enschede/)

## Institutions (19)

### 🎓 Universities (13)

**[University of Amsterdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-amsterdam/)**University · [Amsterdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/amsterdam/), Netherlands*71 works · 79,805 citations*

**[Tilburg University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/tilburg-university/)**University · [Tilburg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/tilburg/), Netherlands*30 works · 5,198 citations*

**[University of Groningen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-groningen/)**University · [Groningen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/groningen/), Netherlands*34 works · 3,767 citations*

**[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/vrije-universiteit-amsterdam/)**University · [Amsterdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/amsterdam/), Netherlands*31 works · 3,248 citations*

**[Radboud University Nijmegen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/radboud-university-nijmegen/)**University · [Nijmegen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/arnhem/), Netherlands*10 works · 892 citations*

### 🔬 Labs and research institutes (3)

**[Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/max-planck-institute-for-psycholinguistics/)**Research institute · [Nijmegen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/arnhem/), Netherlands*5 works · 11,991 citations*

**[Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/data-archiving-and-networked-services-dans/)**Research institute · [The Hague](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/rotterdam-the-hague/), Netherlands*6 works · 32 citations*

**[Huygens Institute for History and Culture of the Netherlands](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/huygens-institute-for-history-and-culture-of-the-netherlands/)**Research institute · [Amsterdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/amsterdam/), Netherlands*2 works · 11 citations*

### 🏢 Companies (1)

**[Philips](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/philips/)**Company · [Amsterdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/amsterdam/), Netherlands*2 works · 25 citations*

### 🏛️ Government research bodies (2)

**[Joint Research Centre](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/joint-research-centre-nl/)**Government body · [Petten](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/amsterdam/), Netherlands*2 works · 812 citations*

**[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/royal-netherlands-academy-of-arts-and-sciences/)**Government body · [Amsterdam](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/amsterdam/), Netherlands*3 works · 22 citations*

[See all 19 institutions →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/netherlands/institutions/)

## People (86)

Authors with a page confirmed at its institutions, the most cited first.

[🧑‍🔬**Max Welling** University of Amsterdam 2 papers here · 23,800 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/max-welling/) · [🧑‍🔬**Diederik P Kingma** University of Amsterdam 2 papers here · 16,519 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/diederik-p-kingma/) · [🧑‍🔬**Christof Monz** University of Amsterdam 15 papers here · 8,166 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/christof-monz/) · [🧑‍🔬**Ivan Titov** University of Amsterdam 14 papers here · 6,932 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ivan-titov/) · [🧑‍🔬**Ekaterina Shutova** University of Amsterdam 10 papers here · 3,950 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ekaterina-shutova/) · [🧑‍🔬**Elena Voita** University of Amsterdam 8 papers here · 3,834 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/elena-voita/) · [🧑‍🔬**Valerio Basile** University of Groningen 14 papers here · 3,764 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/valerio-basile/) · [🧑‍🔬**Barbara Plank** University of Groningen 18 papers here · 3,283 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/barbara-plank/) · [🧑‍🔬**Johan Bos** University of Groningen 14 papers here · 2,420 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/johan-bos/) · [🧑‍🔬**Dieuwke Hupkes** University of Amsterdam 2 papers here · 2,337 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dieuwke-hupkes/) · [🧑‍🔬**Walter Daelemans** Tilburg University 5 papers here · 2,261 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/walter-daelemans/) · [🧑‍🔬**Arianna Bisazza** University of Amsterdam 9 papers here · 2,181 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/arianna-bisazza/)

[See all 86 people →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/netherlands/people/)

## Works in our library (204)

Works of its institutions, the most cited first.

1. [**SciPy 1.0 — Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python**Pauli Virtanen, Ralf Gommers, Travis E. Oliphant, et al.*2019 · 38,317 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/virtanen-2019-scipy-1-0-fundamental-algorithms/)
2. [**Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes**Diederik P Kingma, Max Welling*2013 · 14,991 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kingma-2013-auto-encoding-variational-bayes/)
3. [**Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage**Penelope Brown, Stephen C. Levinson, John J. Gumperz*1987 · 10,545 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/brown-1987-politeness-some-universals-language-usage/)
4. [**Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks**Thomas N. Kipf, Max Welling*2016 · 8,809 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kipf-2016-semi-supervised-classification-graph-convolutional/)
5. [**Multitask Prompted Training Enables Zero-Shot Task Generalization**Victor Sanh, Albert Webson, Colin Raffel, et al.*2021 · 1,577 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sanh-2021-multitask-prompted-training-enables-zero/)
6. [**Analyzing Multi-Head Self-Attention: Specialized Heads Do the Heavy Lifting, the Rest Can Be Pruned**Elena Voita, David Talbot, Fedor Moiseev, et al.*2019 · 1,511 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/voita-2019-analyzing-multi-head-self-attention/)
7. [**ELAN: a Professional Framework for Multimodality Research**Peter Wittenburg, Hennie Brugman, Albert Russel, et al.*2006 · 1,427 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wittenburg-2006-elan-professional-framework-multimodality-research/)
8. [**CoNLL-X Shared Task on Multilingual Dependency Parsing**Sabine Buchholz, Erwin Marsi*2006 · 1,426 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/buchholz-2006-conll-x-shared-task-multilingual/)
9. [**Encoding Sentences with Graph Convolutional Networks for Semantic Role Labeling**Diego Marcheggiani, Ivan Titov*2017 · 1,101 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/marcheggiani-2017-encoding-sentences-graph-convolutional-networks/)
10. [**Quantifying Attention Flow in Transformers**Samira Abnar, Willem Zuidema*2020 · 1,049 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/abnar-2020-quantifying-attention-flow-transformers/)
11. [**Findings of the 2016 Conference on Machine Translation**Ondřej Bojar, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, et al.*2016 · 936 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bojar-2016-findings-2016-conference-machine-translation/)
12. [**Findings of the 2019 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT19)**Loïc Barrault, Ondřej Bojar, Marta R. Costa-jussà, et al.*2019 · 839 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/barrault-2019-findings-2019-conference-machine-translation/)
13. [**A Comparison of Algorithms for Maximum Entropy Parameter Estimation**Robert Malouf*2002 · 752 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/malouf-2002-comparison-algorithms-maximum-entropy-parameter/)
14. [**Findings of the 2018 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT18)**Ondřej Bojar, Christian Federmann, Mark Fishel, et al.*2018 · 747 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bojar-2018-findings-2018-conference-machine-translation/)
15. [**The stages of event extraction**David Ahn*2006 · 704 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ahn-2006-stages-event-extraction/)
16. [**Findings of the 2017 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT17)**Ondřej Bojar, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, et al.*2017 · 685 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bojar-2017-findings-2017-conference-machine-translation/)
17. [**KILT: a Benchmark for Knowledge Intensive Language Tasks**Fabio Petroni, Aleksandra Piktus, Angela Fan, et al.*2020 · 663 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/petroni-2020-kilt-benchmark-knowledge-intensive-language/)
18. [**The JRC-Acquis: A Multilingual Aligned Parallel Corpus with 20+ Languages**Ralf Steinberger, Bruno Pouliquen, Anna Widiger, et al.*2006 · 656 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/steinberger-2006-jrc-acquis-multilingual-aligned-parallel/)
19. [**Representing Text Chunks**Erik F. Tjong Kim Sang, Jorn Veenstra*1999 · 569 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sang-1999-representing-text-chunks/)
20. [**Results of the WNUT2017 Shared Task on Novel and Emerging Entity Recognition**Leon Derczynski, Eric Nichols, Marieke van Erp, et al.*2017 · 534 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/derczynski-2017-results-wnut2017-shared-task-novel/)
21. [**The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse context**Denis Paperno, Germán Kruszewski, Angeliki Lazaridou, et al.*2016 · 506 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/paperno-2016-lambada-dataset-word-prediction-requiring/)
22. [**Is ChatGPT Good at Search? Investigating Large Language Models as Re-Ranking Agents**Weiwei Sun, Lingyong Yan, Xinyu Ma, et al.*2023 · 493 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sun-2023-chatgpt-good-search-investigating-large/)
23. [**HateBERT: Retraining BERT for Abusive Language Detection in English**Tommaso Caselli, Valerio Basile, Jelena Mitrović, et al.*2021 · 481 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/caselli-2021-hatebert-retraining-bert-abusive-language/)
24. [**Improving Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation and Zero-Shot Translation**Biao Zhang, Philip Williams, Ivan Titov, et al.*2020 · 472 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2020-improving-massively-multilingual-neural-machine/)
25. [**Findings of the 2015 Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation**Ondřej Bojar, Rajen Chatterjee, Christian Federmann, et al.*2015 · 461 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bojar-2015-findings-2015-workshop-statistical-machine/)

[See all 204 works →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/netherlands/works/)

## Topics

Topics of its works in our library, with the number of works on each.

[Machine translation (38)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) · [Hebrew & Aramaic (38)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/hebrew-aramaic/) · [Evaluation & benchmarks (29)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/) · [Semitic languages (29)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · [Discourse analysis (11)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/discourse-analysis/) · [Dialogue systems (11)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dialogue-systems/) · [Multilingual & cross-lingual NLP (10)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multilingual-nlp/) · [Historical linguistics & language change (10)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-change/) · [Coreference resolution (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/) · [Language models & pretraining (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · [Idioms & multiword expressions (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multiword-expressions/) · [Part-of-speech tagging (7)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/) · [Speech act theory (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech-act-theory/) · [Morphology (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/morphology/) · [Syntax & grammar formalisms (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/syntax-grammar/) · [Semantic parsing & meaning representation (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-parsing/) · [Text generation (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/text-generation/) · [Universal Dependencies (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/universal-dependencies/) · [Sentiment & emotion (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/sentiment-emotion/) · [Dependency parsing (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dependency-parsing/) · [Vision & language (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multimodal/) · [Named entity recognition (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/named-entity-recognition/) · [Word sense disambiguation (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/word-sense-disambiguation/) · [Semantic role labeling (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-role-labeling/) · [Low-resource languages (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/low-resource-languages/) · [Lexical semantics & word embeddings (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/lexical-semantics/) · [Reasoning (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/) · [Psycholinguistics & language acquisition (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/psycholinguistics/) · [Interpretability (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/interpretability/) · [Bias, fairness & safety (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/bias-fairness-safety/) · [Implicature (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/implicature/) · [Treebanks (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/treebanks/) · [Question answering (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/question-answering/) · [Information extraction (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-extraction/) · [Legal AI (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/legal-ai/) · [Information retrieval & search (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-retrieval/) · [Tokenization & segmentation (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/tokenization/) · [Efficient models & compression (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/efficient-models/) · [Grammatical error correction & learner language (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/grammatical-error-correction/)

## Fields

[Linguistics & languages (140)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/) · [Natural language processing (55)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/) · [Machine translation (47)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/machine-translation/) · [AI & machine learning (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/ai/) · [Mathematics & statistics (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/mathematics/) · [Law (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/law/) · [Education (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/education/) · [Society & ethics (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/society/)

## Works by year

20,102,020

- [← back to](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/) — countries