---
title: "Poland — research institutions, scientists and papers"
description: "Poland: 7 institutions with papers in our library in 4 agglomerations, 6 people with a page, 21 works, 5,606 citations."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/poland/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/poland/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [countries](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/) / Poland

# Poland

Country 7 institutions in 4 agglomerations · [all countries](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/)

[**7** institutions with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/poland/#institutions) · [**4** agglomerations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/poland/#agglomerations) · [**6** people with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/poland/#authors) · [**21** works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/poland/#works) · [**5,606** citations of their works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/poland/#works)

## About

### Profile

Poland appears in this library through its research institutions: the universities, institutes and public bodies whose researchers wrote two or more of the papers held on this site. The country is described here through the organisations that carry its research in the collection, not through individual papers or scientists. Each organisation has its own entry, where its scientists, works and subjects are set out in detail. The Polish group belongs to the library's wider index of [organisations of all kinds](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/), and this [national grouping for Poland](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/country/pl/) is one branch of that index.

The Polish institutions on this site are spread across four cities: Warsaw, Wrocław, Kraków and Poznań. They are not all the same kind of organisation. Most are universities. One is a government body and another is a research institute. The institutions are ordered by the cited work their scientists did while working there. That order reflects research held in this library, not the size, age or standing of any institution elsewhere. It is also not a simple ranking by total citations, since the order and the citation totals do not line up exactly.

### Institutions and cities

Warsaw has more institutions in the Polish group than any other city, and they are of three different kinds. The [University of Warsaw](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-warsaw/) appears first in the order and is a university. The [Polish Academy of Sciences](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/polish-academy-of-sciences/) is classed as a government body, not as a university. The [Institute of Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/institute-of-computer-science/) is classed as a research institute. The capital is therefore the only Polish city on this site whose contribution comes from more than one kind of organisation. Its research in the collection comes from a university, a public scientific body and a dedicated institute.

Wrocław is the only other city with more than one institution in the group. The [Wrocław University of Science and Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/wroclaw-university-of-science-and-technology/) and the [University of Wrocław](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-wroclaw/) are both classed as universities. Wrocław's presence in the library therefore comes entirely from its universities. The two share a city but appear as separate institutions, each with its own body of work and its own citations.

Kraków is represented by the [Jagiellonian University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/jagiellonian-university/). Poznań is represented by [Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/adam-mickiewicz-university-in-poznan/). Each of these cities has a single institution in the Polish group, and both institutions are universities.

Taken together, the four cities show the shape of Polish research as it appears on this site. Warsaw is the centre for the number and variety of its institutions. Wrocław stands out as a second city with two universities. Kraków and Poznań are each represented by one university. No institution outside these four cities meets the threshold for inclusion. That does not mean Poland has no research elsewhere. It only means that no other Polish organisation has repeated contributions among the works here.

### Research output on this site

The Polish institutions differ in two ways: how much of their work the library holds, and how much attention that work has drawn. The two measures often point in different directions, and reading them together gives a fuller picture than either one alone.

By volume, the Polish Academy of Sciences has the largest body of papers among the Polish institutions here. The Institute of Computer Science, also in Warsaw, comes close behind. Both are organisations other than universities. The University of Warsaw, the two Wrocław universities and Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań each hold a similar, somewhat smaller body of work. The Jagiellonian University has the smallest presence among the Polish institutions on this site.

By citations, the order is quite different. Work by scientists at the University of Wrocław has drawn more citations than that of any other Polish institution in the group, by a wide margin. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań comes second. The Wrocław University of Science and Technology follows closely. The University of Warsaw comes next. Behind it come the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Computer Science, which have broadly similar totals. The Jagiellonian University has the smallest total.

These two orders do not match. The two Warsaw organisations that hold the most papers draw comparatively modest attention in total. Several universities with fewer papers here draw far more. The University of Wrocław is the clearest case: its works in our library are not the most numerous, but they are by far the most cited among Polish institutions. The likely explanation is that one or more of its papers has drawn wide notice. The institution's own entry is the place to see which works these are.

Citations per paper give another view. The Jagiellonian University has the smallest body of work and the lowest total. Even so, each of its papers in our library is, on average, cited more often than the average paper from the Polish Academy of Sciences or the Institute of Computer Science. Volume on this site is therefore a poor guide to the attention Polish research draws here. Some of the smaller groups of papers have drawn proportionally more interest than the larger ones.

Seen by city, Wrocław holds the largest share of the citations to Polish work in the library, because both of its universities rank high on that measure. Poznań is second through a single university. Warsaw, despite having the most institutions, draws a smaller share of citations than either Wrocław or Poznań. Its strength in the collection lies in breadth of participation rather than in highly cited individual works. Kraków's contribution is the smallest by both measures, but each of its papers draws a good deal of attention.

All of these comparisons come from what the library holds. They describe how Polish institutions appear among the papers here. They say nothing about how Polish science as a whole is organised or how it compares with other countries. An institution with only a few papers in our library may publish widely elsewhere, and the balance between institutions may change as the collection grows.

### Research strengths

The national grouping does not divide Polish research by field or topic. Subjects, units and individual papers are set out on each institution's own entry, and those entries are the place to learn what each body actually works on. Little can safely be said here about disciplines. The Institute of Computer Science names computer science as its field, so computing is at least one area in which a Polish institution contributes repeated work to this library. Beyond that, the names of the universities and of the Polish Academy of Sciences do not say which subjects their papers in our library address.

What can be said concerns where attention and volume lie. Readers looking for the Polish work that has drawn the most citations on this site should begin with the University of Wrocław. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and the Wrocław University of Science and Technology come next. Readers looking for the largest bodies of Polish work should begin with the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Computer Science in Warsaw. The University of Warsaw and the Jagiellonian University complete the group. Each holds a smaller body of work, and the Jagiellonian papers are well cited for their number.

### Leading institutions

The first institutions in the Polish order are the University of Warsaw, the Wrocław University of Science and Technology and the Polish Academy of Sciences. Next come the University of Wrocław, the Jagiellonian University, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and the Institute of Computer Science. This sequence is the library's own measure of the cited work done at each institution. As noted above, it differs from a plain ordering by total citations. The University of Wrocław, for example, has the largest citation total but does not stand first. This shows that the measure weighs the cited work credited to scientists at each place in a way that raw totals do not capture.

The national grouping does not name individual scientists. The researchers behind each institution's work, and the order in which the library lists them, are given on the institutions' own entries. A reader who wants to know who produced the most cited Polish papers in our library should start with the entry for the University of Wrocław and then turn to the entries for the universities in Poznań and Wrocław.

### Collaborations

No collaborating institutions, partner countries or co-authors are shown for Poland as a whole. Whether the Polish institutions here work with one another or with organisations abroad can be seen only on the individual institution entries, where their works are listed. A researcher may also have worked at more than one Polish institution. Because work is credited to the institution where it was done, a single scientist can contribute to more than one entry in the Polish group. Partnerships between Warsaw's institutions, or between the two universities in Wrocław, may exist among the works here. Any such links have to be traced through the separate entries.

### Reading the grouping

The Polish group includes only institutions whose researchers wrote two or more of the papers in our library. Polish organisations that contributed a single paper are left out, so the picture leans towards institutions with repeated contributions. The grouping also covers only the works held in this library. Polish research outside the collection is not reflected at all.

No publication years are given for Poland as a whole, so the grouping cannot show how Polish output on this site has changed over time. Each institution's entry sets out its works with their details, and those entries allow a reader to follow the timeline institution by institution. Together, the entries for the Polish institutions give the fullest view this library offers of research carried out in Poland.

## Where

## Agglomerations (4)

1. [**Wroclaw**2 institutions*3,176 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/wroclaw/)
2. [**Warsaw**3 institutions*1,161 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/warsaw/)
3. [**Poznan**1 institution*1,034 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/poznan/)
4. [**Krakow**1 institution*235 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/krakow/)

## Institutions (7)

### 🎓 Universities (5)

**[University of Wrocław](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-wroclaw/)**University · [Wroclaw](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/wroclaw/), Poland*4 works · 2,258 citations*

**[Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/adam-mickiewicz-university-in-poznan/)**University · [Poznan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/poznan/), Poland*4 works · 1,034 citations*

**[Wrocław University of Science and Technology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/wroclaw-university-of-science-and-technology/)**University · [Wroclaw](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/wroclaw/), Poland*4 works · 918 citations*

**[University of Warsaw](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-warsaw/)**University · [Warsaw](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/warsaw/), Poland*4 works · 523 citations*

**[Jagiellonian University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/jagiellonian-university/)**University · [Krakow](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/krakow/), Poland*2 works · 235 citations*

### 🔬 Labs and research institutes (1)

**[Institute of Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/institute-of-computer-science/)**Research institute · [Warsaw](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/warsaw/), Poland*5 works · 318 citations*

### 🏛️ Government research bodies (1)

**[Polish Academy of Sciences](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/government/polish-academy-of-sciences/)**Government body · [Warsaw](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/warsaw/), Poland*6 works · 320 citations*

[See all 7 institutions →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/poland/institutions/)

## People (6)

Authors with a page confirmed at its institutions, the most cited first.

[🧑‍🔬**Adam Paszke** University of Warsaw 2 papers here · 24,151 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/adam-paszke/) · [🧑‍🔬**Henryk Michalewski** University of Warsaw 3 papers here · 7,904 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/henryk-michalewski/) · [🧑‍🔬**Jan Chorowski** University of Wrocław 2 papers here · 2,419 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jan-chorowski/) · [🧑‍🔬**Adam Przepiórkowski** Institute of Computer Science 2 papers here · 254 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/adam-przepiorkowski/) · [🧑‍🔬**Maciej Ogrodniczuk** Polish Academy of Sciences 4 papers here · 131 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/maciej-ogrodniczuk/) · [🧑‍🔬**Aleksander Kacprzak** Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań 2 papers here · 3 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/aleksander-kacprzak/)

## Works in our library (21)

Works of its institutions, the most cited first.

1. [**Attention-Based Models for Speech Recognition**Jan Chorowski, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Dmitriy Serdyuk, et al.*2015 · 1,776 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chorowski-2015-attention-based-models-speech-recognition/)
2. [**ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none**Jan Kocon, Igor Cichecki, Oliwier Kaszyca, et al.*2023 · 863 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kocon-2023-chatgpt-jack-all-trades-master/)
3. [**The United Nations Parallel Corpus v1.0**Michał Ziemski, Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt, Bruno Pouliquen*2016 · 522 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ziemski-2016-united-nations-parallel-corpus-v1/)
4. [**Marian: Fast Neural Machine Translation in C++**Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt, Roman Grundkiewicz, Tomasz Dwojak, et al.*2018 · 506 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/junczys-dowmunt-2018-marian-fast-neural-machine-translation/)
5. [**Regularizing Neural Networks by Penalizing Confident Output Distributions**Gabriel Pereyra, George Tucker, Jan Chorowski, et al.*2017 · 482 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pereyra-2017-regularizing-neural-networks-penalizing-confident/)
6. [**PyTorch Distributed: Experiences on Accelerating Data Parallel Training**Shen Li, Yanli Zhao, Rohan Varma, et al.*2020 · 380 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/li-2020-pytorch-distributed-experiences-accelerating-data/)
7. [**Overview of the SPMRL 2013 Shared Task: A Cross-Framework Evaluation of Parsing Morphologically Rich Languages**Djamé Seddah, Reut Tsarfaty, Sandra Kübler, et al.*2013 · 244 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/seddah-2013-overview-spmrl-2013-shared-task/)
8. [**Humanity's Last Exam**Long Phan, Alice Gatti, Ziwen Han, et al.*2025 · 235 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/phan-2025-humanity-s-last-exam/)
9. [**ProofNet: Autoformalizing and Formally Proving Undergraduate-Level Mathematics**Zhangir Azerbayev, Bartosz Piotrowski, Hailey Schoelkopf, et al.*2023 · 141 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/azerbayev-2023-proofnet-autoformalizing-formally-proving-undergraduate/)
10. [**English WordNet 2019 – An Open-Source WordNet for English**John P. McCrae, Alexandre Rademaker, Francis Bond*2019 · 55 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mccrae-2019-english-wordnet/)
11. [**Creating a Coreference Resolution System for Polish**Mateusz Kopeć, Maciej Ogrodniczuk*2012 · 28 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kopec-2012-creating-coreference-resolution-system-polish/)
12. [**Findings of the Second Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution**Zdeněk Žabokrtský, Miloslav Konopik, Anna Nedoluzhko, et al.*2023 · 27 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zabokrtsky-2023-findings-second-shared-task-multilingual/)
13. [**Deep Neural Networks for Coreference Resolution for Polish**Bartłomiej Nitoń, Paweł Morawiecki, Maciej Ogrodniczuk*2018 · 19 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/niton-2018-deep-neural-networks-coreference-resolution/)
14. [**Emotions, Morality, and Cognition: The Unprecedented Scope of the Concept of the Heart in Amharic**Aleksander Kacprzak*2025 · 3 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kacprzak-2025-emotions-morality-cognition-unprecedented-scope/)
15. [**Familiar vs. unique in a diachronic perspective. Case study of the rise of the definite article in North Germanic**Alicja Piotrowska, Dominika Skrzypek*2021 · 3 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/piotrowska-2021-familiar-vs-unique-diachronic-perspective/)
16. [**Conjunct Lengths in English, Dependency Length Minimization, and Dependency Structure of Coordination**Adam Przepiórkowski, Michał Woźniak*2023 · 2 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/przepiorkowski-2023-conjunct-lengths-english-dependency-length/)
17. [**The Biblical Hebrew wayyiqtol and the Evidence of the Amarna Letters from Canaan**Krzysztof J. Baranowski*2016*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baranowski-2016-biblical-hebrew-wayyiqtol-evidence-amarna/)
18. [**Lexicalised and non-lexicalized multi-word expressions in WordNet: a cross-encoder approach**Marek Maziarz, Łukasz Grabowski, Tadeusz Piotrowski, et al.*2023*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/maziarz-2023-lexicalised-non-lexicalized-multi-word/)
19. [**Towards Corpus-Based Population and Visualization of ISO 24617-8 Ontology (Short Paper)**Maciej Ogrodniczuk, Dariusz Czerski*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ogrodniczuk-2026-corpus-based-population-visualization-iso/)
20. [**Stylometric Approach to AI-generated Texts. An Analysis of Contemporary French-Language Literature**Adam Pawłowski, Tomasz Walkowiak*2026*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pawlowski-2026-stylometric-approach-ai-generated-texts/)
21. [**Rhotic Phonemes in Semitic Languages – The Case of Classical Arabic and Biblical Hebrew**Bartosz Pietrzak*2018*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pietrzak-2018-rhotic-phonemes-semitic-languages-case/)

## Topics

Topics of its works in our library, with the number of works on each.

[Coreference resolution (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/) · [Semitic languages (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · [Machine translation (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) · [Evaluation & benchmarks (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/) · [Hebrew & Aramaic (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/hebrew-aramaic/) · [Sentiment & emotion (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/sentiment-emotion/) · [Speech & spoken language (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech/) · [Multilingual & cross-lingual NLP (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multilingual-nlp/) · [Morphology (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/morphology/) · [Knowledge graphs & ontologies (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/knowledge-graphs/) · [Syntax & grammar formalisms (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/syntax-grammar/) · [Idioms & multiword expressions (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multiword-expressions/) · [Historical linguistics & language change (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-change/)

## Fields

[Linguistics & languages (14)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/) · [Natural language processing (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/) · [Mathematics & statistics (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/mathematics/) · [Machine translation (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/machine-translation/) · [AI & machine learning (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/ai/) · [Computing & GPUs (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computing/) · [History & humanities (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/history/)

## Works by year

2020

- [← back to](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/) — countries