---
title: "Switzerland — research institutions, scientists and papers"
description: "Switzerland: 10 institutions with papers in our library in 7 agglomerations, 71 people with a page, 123 works, 52,398 citations."
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/switzerland/"
---
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# Switzerland

Country 10 institutions in 7 agglomerations · [all countries](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/)

[**10** institutions with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/switzerland/#institutions) · [**7** agglomerations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/switzerland/#agglomerations) · [**71** people with a page](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/switzerland/#authors) · [**123** works in our library](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/switzerland/#works) · [**52,398** citations of their works](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/switzerland/#works)

## About

### Profile

This page brings together the research institutions in [Switzerland](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/country/ch/) that appear in the library. An institution is included once its researchers have written at least two of the papers held on this site. The list orders the institutions by the cited research their scientists carried out while affiliated with them, so the position of each entry reflects the scholarly attention paid to work done there. It does not reflect size, age or standing outside the library.

The Swiss list is short and varied. It contains universities, one independent research institute and one company. Together they cover several cities and more than one of the country's language regions: German-speaking Zurich, Bern and Saint Gallen; French-speaking Lausanne and Geneva; bilingual Fribourg; Italian-speaking Lugano; and Martigny-Combe in the Valais. The picture is therefore spread across the country, although Zurich hosts more listed institutions than any other city. Readers who want to compare Switzerland with other countries, or to browse institutions of every kind, can use the general [directory of organisations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/orgs/).

The page describes only the papers and people on this site. Any statement below about which institution is larger, more productive or more cited applies to the library's holdings, not to Swiss research as a whole.

### The institutions

[ETH Zurich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/eth-zurich/) heads the list. It is a university in Zurich, and on this site it has a substantial body of papers whose citations are spread across many works. That combination of steady output and consistent attention places it first in the ordering, even though other Swiss institutions exceed it on single measures.

Second is the [École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ecole-polytechnique-federale-de-lausanne/), a university in Lausanne. It has somewhat fewer works here than ETH Zurich, yet its papers have attracted noticeably more citations overall. The two federal institutes of technology sit together at the top and anchor the Swiss presence in the library, one in the German-speaking north and one on Lake Geneva.

Third is [Google (Switzerland)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/google-switzerland/), the only company on the list, which is based in Zurich. Its profile stands out. It has only a handful of works in our library, but those works are cited far more heavily than the output of any other Swiss institution here, including the much larger universities. A small number of papers from this office have clearly drawn very wide attention among the library's holdings. Because the list weighs the cited work done at each place, not just raw totals, the company ranks below the two technical universities despite its citation figures.

The [University of Zurich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-zurich/) comes fourth. Among the Swiss institutions on this site it has the largest number of works, and its total citations are second only to the company office. It is the broadest contributor here by volume, and its place in the list shows how that output is weighed against the attention each paper receives.

Fifth is the [Università della Svizzera italiana](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/universita-della-svizzera-italiana/) in Lugano, the only listed institution in Italian-speaking Switzerland. It has just two works in our library, the minimum for inclusion. Those papers are well cited for such a small set, which places Lugano above several institutions with longer lists of papers.

The [University of Geneva](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-geneva/) is sixth. It is a university in Geneva with a body of works in our library roughly comparable in size to those of the two federal institutes, and with a solid citation record. It is the second listed institution in French-speaking Switzerland after Lausanne.

Seventh is the [Idiap Research Institute](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/idiap-research-institute/), the only entry described as a research institute and not a university or company. It is located in Martigny-Combe in the Valais. Its output on this site is close in size to that of the University of Geneva and the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, and its citation total is moderate. Its presence shows that the library's Swiss content does not come only from universities and large corporate labs.

The last three entries have smaller footprints. The [University of Bern](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-bern/), in the federal capital, has a few works in our library, and they are fairly well cited for so small a set. The [University of St.Gallen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-st-gallen/) in Saint Gallen and the [University of Fribourg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-fribourg/) in Fribourg each have two works here, with modest citation totals. Fribourg's citations are slightly higher than those of St.Gallen, yet St.Gallen appears just above it in the ordering. This is a reminder that the ranking is not a simple sort by any one visible number.

### Kinds of institutions

Most entries on the Swiss list are universities: eight of the ten belong to that category. They range from the two federal institutes of technology to the cantonal universities in Zurich, Geneva, Bern, Fribourg, Saint Gallen and Lugano. The universities supply most of the Swiss works in the library, and the University of Zurich contributes more than any other.

The two non-university entries matter more than their number suggests. Google (Switzerland) shows that corporate research can carry great weight in the library even with few papers: its works are the most cited Swiss output on this site by a wide margin. The Idiap Research Institute represents a third type, the independent research institute. Its output is about the size of a mid-sized university's on this list. The mix of academic, corporate and institute research means that the Swiss content of the library reflects several different settings in which research is done.

### Geography

The listed institutions cluster in a few places. Zurich is the clearest centre, home to ETH Zurich, the University of Zurich and Google (Switzerland). Between them these three account for a large share of both the works and the citations attributed to Switzerland on this site. Any reader looking at Swiss research through this library is, to a large degree, looking at research done in that one city.

The Lake Geneva area forms a second centre, with the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the University of Geneva. Together their output on this site is comparable to that of the Zurich universities, and Lausanne in particular is strongly cited. The Valais, through the Idiap Research Institute in Martigny-Combe, sits close to this western cluster.

The remaining institutions are spread more thinly. Bern, Fribourg and Saint Gallen each have one listed university with a small number of works. Lugano represents the south of the country with a small but well-cited contribution. These places appear in the library, but each makes up only a minor part of the Swiss total.

### Patterns of output and attention

The figures on the page do not follow a single scale, and this is perhaps the most instructive feature of the Swiss list. The institution with the most works, the University of Zurich, is not the most cited. The most cited, Google (Switzerland), has one of the shorter lists of papers. The institution listed first, ETH Zurich, leads on neither measure alone. The ordering reflects how much cited work each institution's scientists produced, a measure that differs from both totals.

Some institutions combine a fairly large output with moderate citation levels per paper. ETH Zurich, the University of Geneva and the Idiap Research Institute fit this description. Others have higher citation levels relative to their size. The École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne and the Università della Svizzera italiana are examples among the universities, and Google (Switzerland) is the extreme case. The University of Bern also does well against the size of its small set of works.

At the lower end, the University of St.Gallen and the University of Fribourg each just meet the threshold for inclusion, and their papers have been cited less often. Their presence shows how the list works: institutions enter as soon as researchers affiliated with them write a second paper held in the library, however modest that output still is.

### Reading the list

Because the page counts only papers held in the library, it should be read as a guide to where Swiss-affiliated work appears on this site, not as a complete account of research in Switzerland. Institutions with very large programmes may have only a few papers here, and institutions absent from the list may simply not yet have two works in the collection. The figures shown beside each entry change as the library grows, and the order may shift as new papers and citations are added.

Within those limits, the Swiss list gives a clear outline. Two federal institutes of technology lead. Zurich hosts a large university with the broadest output and a corporate office whose few papers are very widely cited. Geneva and the Valais contribute steady bodies of work. A group of smaller universities across Bern, Fribourg, Saint Gallen and Lugano completes the picture. Each institution's own page gives more detail on its people, its works and the topics in which its researchers are active on this site.

## Where

## Agglomerations (7)

1. [**Zurich**3 institutions*40,737 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/zurich/)
2. [**Lausanne**1 institution*6,324 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/lausanne/)
3. [**Geneva**1 institution*2,453 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/geneva/)
4. [**Lugano**1 institution*639 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/lugano/)
5. [**Bern**1 institution*486 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/bern/)
6. [**Freiburg im Üechtland**1 institution*47 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/freiburg-im-uechtland/)
7. [**Sankt Gallen**1 institution*43 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/st-gallen/)

## Institutions (10)

### 🎓 Universities (8)

**[University of Zurich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-zurich/)**University · [Zurich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/zurich/), Switzerland*44 works · 10,252 citations*

**[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ecole-polytechnique-federale-de-lausanne/)**University · [Lausanne](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/lausanne/), Switzerland*19 works · 6,324 citations*

**[ETH Zurich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/eth-zurich/)**University · [Zurich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/zurich/), Switzerland*24 works · 3,273 citations*

**[University of Geneva](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-geneva/)**University · [Geneva](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/geneva/), Switzerland*20 works · 2,453 citations*

**[Università della Svizzera italiana](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/universita-della-svizzera-italiana/)**University · [Lugano](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/lugano/), Switzerland*2 works · 639 citations*

### 🔬 Labs and research institutes (1)

**[Idiap Research Institute](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/idiap-research-institute/)**Research institute · Martigny-Combe, Switzerland*17 works · 1,669 citations*

### 🏢 Companies (1)

**[Google (Switzerland)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/companies/google-switzerland/)**Company · [Zurich](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/agglomerations/zurich/), Switzerland*8 works · 27,212 citations*

[See all 10 institutions →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/switzerland/institutions/)

## People (71)

Authors with a page confirmed at its institutions, the most cited first.

[🧑‍🔬**Caglar Gulcehre** École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 4 papers here · 30,888 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/caglar-gulcehre/) · [🧑‍🔬**Rico Sennrich** University of Zurich 23 papers here · 8,189 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/rico-sennrich/) · [🧑‍🔬**Basil Mustafa** Google (Switzerland) 2 papers here · 7,617 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/basil-mustafa/) · [🧑‍🔬**Julian Eisenschlos** Google (Switzerland) 2 papers here · 7,097 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/julian-eisenschlos/) · [🧑‍🔬**Juraj Gottweis** Google (Switzerland) 2 papers here · 6,867 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/juraj-gottweis/) · [🧑‍🔬**Antoine Bosselut** École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne 6 papers here · 6,472 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/antoine-bosselut/) · [🧑‍🔬**Florian Tramer** Google (Switzerland) 3 papers here · 5,354 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/florian-tramer/) · [🧑‍🔬**Marco Tagliasacchi** Google (Switzerland) 2 papers here · 4,037 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marco-tagliasacchi/) · [🧑‍🔬**Ryan Cotterell** ETH Zurich 12 papers here · 3,958 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ryan-cotterell/) · [🧑‍🔬**Keith Hall** Google (Switzerland) 7 papers here · 3,575 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/keith-hall/) · [🧑‍🔬**Damien Vincent** Google (Switzerland) 2 papers here · 3,310 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/damien-vincent/) · [🧑‍🔬**Thomas Hofmann** ETH Zurich 2 papers here · 2,728 citations](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/thomas-hofmann/)

[See all 71 people →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/switzerland/people/)

## Works in our library (123)

Works of its institutions, the most cited first.

1. [**Array Programming with NumPy**Charles R. Harris, K. Jarrod Millman, Stéfan J. van der Walt, et al.*2020 · 23,591 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/harris-2020-array-programming-numpy/)
2. [**Convolutional Neural Networks on Graphs with Fast Localized Spectral Filtering**Michael Defferrard, Xavier Bresson, Pierre Vandergheynst*2016 · 1,797 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/defferrard-2016-convolutional-neural-networks-graphs-fast/)
3. [**ChatGPT Outperforms Crowd-Workers for Text-Annotation Tasks**Fabrizio Gilardi, Meysam Alizadeh, Maël Kubli*2023 · 1,532 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gilardi-2023-chatgpt-outperforms-crowd-workers-text/)
4. [**Analyzing Multi-Head Self-Attention: Specialized Heads Do the Heavy Lifting, the Rest Can Be Pruned**Elena Voita, David Talbot, Fedor Moiseev, et al.*2019 · 1,511 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/voita-2019-analyzing-multi-head-self-attention/)
5. [**Sigmoid Loss for Language Image Pre-Training**Xiaohua Zhai, Basil Mustafa, Alexander Kolesnikov, et al.*2023 · 1,427 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhai-2023-sigmoid-loss-language-image-pre/)
6. [**Adapted Large Language Models Can Outperform Medical Experts in Clinical Text Summarization**Dave Van Veen, Cara Van Uden, Louis Blankemeier, et al.*2023 · 925 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/veen-2023-adapted-large-language-models-outperform/)
7. [**Unsupervised Learning of Sentence Embeddings Using Compositional n-Gram Features**Matteo Pagliardini, Prakhar Gupta, Martin Jaggi*2018 · 840 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pagliardini-2018-unsupervised-learning-sentence-embeddings-compositional/)
8. [**Findings of the 2019 Conference on Machine Translation (WMT19)**Loïc Barrault, Ondřej Bojar, Marta R. Costa-jussà, et al.*2019 · 839 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/barrault-2019-findings-2019-conference-machine-translation/)
9. [**Colorless Green Recurrent Networks Dream Hierarchically**Kristina Gulordava, Piotr Bojanowski, Edouard Grave, et al.*2018 · 759 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gulordava-2018-colorless-green-recurrent-networks-dream/)
10. [**SoundStream: An End-to-End Neural Audio Codec**Neil Zeghidour, Alejandro Luebs, Ahmed Omran, et al.*2021 · 727 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zeghidour-2021-soundstream-end-end-neural-audio/)
11. [**Neural Text Generation from Structured Data with Application to the Biography Domain**Remi Lebret, David Grangier, Michael Auli*2016 · 696 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lebret-2016-neural-text-generation-structured-data/)
12. [**Learning Word Vectors for 157 Languages**Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, Prakhar Gupta, et al.*2018 · 640 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/grave-2018-learning-word-vectors-157-languages/)
13. [**Scalable Zero-shot Entity Linking with Dense Entity Retrieval**Ledell Wu, Fabio Petroni, Martin Josifoski, et al.*2020 · 618 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/wu-2020-scalable-zero-shot-entity-linking/)
14. [**AudioLM: a Language Modeling Approach to Audio Generation**Zalan Borsos, Raphael Marinier, Damien Vincent, et al.*2022 · 570 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/borsos-2022-audiolm-language-modeling-approach-audio/)
15. [**Fully Character-Level Neural Machine Translation without Explicit Segmentation**Jason Lee, Kyunghyun Cho, Thomas Hofmann*2017 · 545 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lee-2017-fully-character-level-neural-machine/)
16. [**Multi-Source Transfer of Delexicalized Dependency Parsers**Ryan McDonald, Slav Petrov, Keith Hall*2011 · 490 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/mcdonald-2011-multi-source-transfer-delexicalized-dependency/)
17. [**Improving Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation and Zero-Shot Translation**Biao Zhang, Philip Williams, Ivan Titov, et al.*2020 · 472 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2020-improving-massively-multilingual-neural-machine/)
18. [**Quality at a Glance: An Audit of Web-Crawled Multilingual Datasets**Julia Kreutzer, Isaac Caswell, Lisa Wang, et al.*2021 · 447 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kreutzer-2021-quality-glance-audit-web-crawled/)
19. [**Context-Aware Neural Machine Translation Learns Anaphora Resolution**Elena Voita, Pavel Serdyukov, Rico Sennrich, et al.*2018 · 446 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/voita-2018-context-aware-neural-machine-translation/)
20. [**Has Machine Translation Achieved Human Parity? A Case for Document-level Evaluation**Samuel Läubli, Rico Sennrich, Martin Volk*2018 · 443 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/laubli-2018-has-machine-translation-achieved-human/)
21. [**Document-Level Neural Machine Translation with Hierarchical Attention Networks**Lesly Miculicich, Dhananjay Ram, Nikolaos Pappas, et al.*2018 · 411 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/miculicich-2018-document-level-neural-machine-translation/)
22. [**Identifying Word Translations in Non-Parallel Texts**Reinhard Rapp*1995 · 394 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rapp-1995-identifying-word-translations-non-parallel/)
23. [**Reasoning with Latent Structure Refinement for Document-Level Relation Extraction**Guoshun Nan, Zhijiang Guo, Ivan Sekulic, et al.*2020 · 379 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/nan-2020-reasoning-latent-structure-refinement-document/)
24. [**When a Good Translation is Wrong in Context: Context-Aware Machine Translation Improves on Deixis, Ellipsis, and Lexical Cohesion**Elena Voita, Rico Sennrich, Ivan Titov*2019 · 321 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/voita-2019-when-good-translation-is-wrong/)
25. [**Combining Distributional and Morphological Information for Part of Speech Induction**Alexander Clark*2003 · 295 citations*](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/clark-2003-combining-distributional-morphological-information-part/)

[See all 123 works →](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/switzerland/works/)

## Topics

Topics of its works in our library, with the number of works on each.

[Machine translation (39)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/machine-translation/) · [Evaluation & benchmarks (22)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/evaluation-benchmarks/) · [Discourse analysis (10)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/discourse-analysis/) · [Multilingual & cross-lingual NLP (8)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multilingual-nlp/) · [Coreference resolution (7)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/) · [Language models & pretraining (7)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · [Reasoning (6)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/) · [Speech & spoken language (5)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech/) · [Dependency parsing (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dependency-parsing/) · [Dialogue systems (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/dialogue-systems/) · [Morphology (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/morphology/) · [Hebrew & Aramaic (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/hebrew-aramaic/) · [Semitic languages (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · [Speech act theory (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/speech-act-theory/) · [Legal AI (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/legal-ai/) · [Named entity recognition (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/named-entity-recognition/) · [Part-of-speech tagging (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/) · [Summarization (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/summarization/) · [Low-resource languages (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/low-resource-languages/) · [Psycholinguistics & language acquisition (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/psycholinguistics/) · [Interpretability (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/interpretability/) · [Vision & language (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/multimodal/) · [Word sense disambiguation (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/word-sense-disambiguation/) · [Universal Dependencies (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/universal-dependencies/) · [Semantic role labeling (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semantic-role-labeling/) · [Information extraction (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-extraction/) · [Sentiment & emotion (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/sentiment-emotion/) · [Text generation (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/text-generation/) · [Lexical semantics & word embeddings (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/lexical-semantics/) · [Information retrieval & search (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-retrieval/) · [Bias, fairness & safety (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/bias-fairness-safety/) · [Tokenization & segmentation (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/tokenization/)

## Fields

[Linguistics & languages (67)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/) · [Natural language processing (43)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/) · [Machine translation (28)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/machine-translation/) · [AI & machine learning (4)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/ai/) · [Mathematics & statistics (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/mathematics/) · [Law (3)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/law/) · [Computing & GPUs (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computing/) · [History & humanities (2)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/history/) · [Education (1)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/education/)

## Works by year

199,020,102,020

- [← back to](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/countries/) — countries