---
title: "ALJP: An Arabic Legal Judgment Prediction in Personal Status Cases Using Machine — Abbara 2023"
description: "The paper addresses Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) for Arabic, a language the authors say had no prior LJP work. 88% accuracy. 25 references."
authors: ["Salwa Abbara", "Mona Hafez", "Aya Kazzaz", "Areej Alhothali", "Alhanouf Alsolami"]
year: 2023
venue: "arXiv:2309.00238"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.00238"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.2309.00238"
arxiv: "2309.00238"
licence: "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (arXiv)"
licence_url: "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/abbara-2023-aljp-arabic-legal-judgment-prediction/"
---
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# ALJP: An Arabic Legal Judgment Prediction in Personal Status Cases Using Machine Learning Models

**Authors:** Salwa Abbara, Mona Hafez, Aya Kazzaz, [Areej Alhothali](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/areej-alhothali/) and Alhanouf Alsolami · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** arXiv:2309.00238 · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (arXiv)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.00238) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2309.00238) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2309.00238](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2309.00238) · [arXiv 2309.00238](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.00238) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4402692698)

**Citations:** 4 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper addresses Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) for Arabic, a language the authors say had no prior LJP work. It focuses on Saudi personal status law, specifically custody and annulment of marriage. The authors built a new dataset by combining sample cases published by the Saudi Ministry of Justice with cases simulated by legal experts. They then framed prediction as multi-class classification with two tasks. The first maps the pleading text to a judgment and to the supporting law articles or evidence. The second maps the plaintiff's claim and the defendant's answer to probable outcomes. They compared SVM, LR, LSTM and BiLSTM, each with TF-IDF and word2vec features. For custody judgments, SVM with word2vec reached 88% accuracy, and for annulment, LR with TF-IDF reached 78%. Predicting law articles proved much harder, peaking at 25% for custody and 50% for annulment. Classical models matched or beat the neural ones, which the authors attribute to the small dataset. The work matters mainly as a first Arabic resource and baseline for this task.

## Key points
- Domain: Saudi personal status cases (custody, annulment of marriage). Data comes from Ministry of Justice sample collections plus expert-simulated cases.
- The study has two tasks:
  - pleading → judgment and law article/evidence;
  - claim + defense answer → most probable outcome.
- Eight configurations were tested: SVM, LR, LSTM and BiLSTM, each crossed with TF-IDF and word2vec. Metrics were accuracy, precision, recall and F1.
- Judgment prediction:
  - custody: 88% with SVM-word2vec;
  - annulment: 78% with LR-TFIDF, and SVM-TFIDF also hit 78%.
- Law-article prediction topped out at 25% for custody (LSTM/BiLSTM-TFIDF) and 50% for annulment (LR-word2vec).
- Outcome-probability prediction:
  - custody: 88% with SVM and LR on word2vec;
  - annulment: about 68% with BiLSTM-TFIDF (the abstract says 69%).
- Several LSTM/BiLSTM rows are identical across both feature types, with accuracy near 87.5% but F1 around 29%. This pattern suggests the models collapsed to the majority class.

## Interesting ideas
- When real annotated cases are scarce, the authors added cases written by domain experts, a cheap way to cover rare outcome types.
- The same case is modeled under two framings: one-sided input (pleading only) versus two-sided input (claim plus opposing answer). This shows how much the counter-argument changes the predicted outcome.
- The verdict and its justification (law article or evidence) are predicted as separate targets, and the much lower score on justification exposes how weakly grounded the verdict predictions are.
- The tables show high accuracy alongside very low F1 for models that learned only the dominant class. This is an argument for always reporting per-class metrics next to accuracy.
- On a small dataset, simple linear models with sparse or averaged features outperformed recurrent networks. This is a reminder to establish strong cheap baselines before scaling up.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (learn): Expert- or LLM-written controlled texts could fill gaps in silver data for rare constructions, provided they are tagged as synthetic and evaluated separately.
- **I2** (frames): Frames could keep each party's assertions as separate speech acts, so a reader can reason over conflicting claims rather than over merged text.
- **I3** (answer): Students should be scored on both the answer and its supporting trace, so a correct answer with a wrong justification counts as a partial failure.
- **I4** (learn): Include a majority-class baseline as a negative control in every evaluation, and flag any model whose macro-F1 does not beat it.
- **I5** (tree): Keep the perceptron parser as a mandatory baseline when training gparse on small or new-dialect treebanks, and adopt the transformer only where it clearly wins.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/) · [Law](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/law/)

Topics: [⚖️ Legal AI](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/legal-ai/) · [🐪 Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/)

## Institutions

- [King Abdulaziz University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/king-abdulaziz-university/) — University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia · 12 works · 309 citations

## Cite

Cite as: Salwa Abbara, Mona Hafez, Aya Kazzaz, Areej Alhothali and Alhanouf Alsolami. 2023. ALJP: An Arabic Legal Judgment Prediction in Personal Status Cases Using Machine Learning Models. arXiv:2309.00238.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{abbara2023aljp,
  title = {{ALJP: An Arabic Legal Judgment Prediction in Personal Status Cases Using Machine Learning Models}},
  author = {Salwa Abbara, Mona Hafez, Aya Kazzaz, Areej Alhothali and Alhanouf Alsolami},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2309.00238},
  eprint = {2309.00238},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2309.00238}
}
```

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