---
title: "The SAMER Arabic Text Simplification Corpus — Alhafni 2024"
description: "This paper, from the SAMER project, presents the SAMER Corpus. 90 references, cited by 28 papers here."
authors: ["Bashar Alhafni", "Reem Hazim", "Juan David Pineros Liberato", "Muhamed Al Khalil", "Nizar Habash"]
year: 2024
venue: "Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1398/"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alhafni-2024-samer-arabic-text-simplification-corpus/"
---
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# The SAMER Arabic Text Simplification Corpus

**Authors:** [Bashar Alhafni](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/bashar-alhafni/), [Reem Hazim](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/reem-hazim/), Juan David Pineros Liberato, [Muhamed Al Khalil](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/muhamed-al-khalil/) and [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/) · **Year:** 2024 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1398/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1398.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7131816547)

**Citations:** 2 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [28](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alhafni-2024-samer-arabic-text-simplification-corpus/cited-by/) in our library, of the 140,884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Arabic, a morphologically rich language, has had no publicly released, manually built parallel corpus for text simplification. The only prior resource used in NLP, aligned sentences from an abridged edition of the novel "Saaq al-Bambuu", is closed because of copyright. This paper, from the SAMER project, presents the SAMER Corpus. It contains about 159K words drawn from 15 public-domain Arabic fiction works, mostly from 1865–1955. The authors treat simplification as a lexical task: hard words are replaced with easier words of the same meaning, so that the output stays inside a controlled vocabulary. That vocabulary is defined by a five-level readability lexicon. Each text has readability labels for the whole document and for individual words. It also has two simplified parallel versions aimed at two school-age reading levels. The authors describe how texts were selected, the annotation guidelines, and the quality checks. The corpus is freely available. It supports research on Arabic simplification, readability assessment and educational language tools, and it offers a model for building graded parallel text in other languages.

## Key points
- **Size and sources:** about 159K words from 15 Arabic novels.
  - 14 of them appeared between 1865 and 1955.
  - One is a 12th-century philosophical novel.
- **Annotations:** readability levels at both the document and the word level.
- **Two simplified versions per text, built as a cascade:**
  - The Level 4 version rewrites every L5 word in the original to L4 or easier.
  - The Level 3 version starts from the Level 4 text and rewrites every L4 word to L3 or easier.
- **Reference lexicon:** the SAMER readability-leveled lexicon defines word levels.
  - It began with 26K lemmas and was later extended to 40K.
  - It has five levels, from L1 (easy) to L5 (hard).
  - L3 roughly matches grades 4–5 and L4 roughly matches grades 6–8.
- **Wider SAMER project:** the corpus belongs to a set of resources that also includes a Google Doc add-on. It is described as the first public, hand-annotated Arabic simplification corpus.

## Interesting ideas
- Defining simplification as paraphrasing into a vocabulary bounded by a graded lexicon turns a vague goal into a checkable rule: every output word must be at or below a target level.
- Each simpler version is derived from the previous one and changes only the words at the current top level, so every step stays small and auditable.
- The changed words are co-indexed across versions, which gives word-level alignments of meaning-preserving substitutions without a separate alignment step.
- Restricting edits to the lexicon keeps sentence structure essentially fixed between the original and its simplified versions.
- Labelling difficulty both per word and per document lets the same resource serve fine-grained and coarse readability judgments.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (back): the generator could take a lexicon-level ceiling as a hard constraint when rendering the meaning graph back into words, and could log which lemmas it swapped and why.
- **I2** (back): text → graph → text output could be produced in stepwise "level-down" passes, each pass explainable as a list of substitutions.
- **I3** (world): such aligned pairs could feed the compiled knowledge layer as context-validated near-synonym links between lemmas, complementing WordNet.
- **I4** (tree): parallel lexical paraphrases make a useful invariance test, since the UD trees of the two versions should match except at the swapped tokens; a divergence flags a parser error.
- **I5** (answer): school-course texts and test items could be tagged with lemma-level difficulty, so a student-reader's failures can be traced to specific unfamiliar words rather than to an overall text score.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Machine translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/machine-translation/) · [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

Topics: [🐪 Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/)

## Cite

Cite as: Bashar Alhafni, Reem Hazim, Juan David Pineros Liberato, Muhamed Al Khalil and Nizar Habash. 2024. The SAMER Arabic Text Simplification Corpus. Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{alhafni2024samer,
  title = {{The SAMER Arabic Text Simplification Corpus}},
  author = {Bashar Alhafni, Reem Hazim, Juan David Pineros Liberato, Muhamed {Al Khalil} and Nizar Habash},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.63317/4utogfe9ntvc},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.63317/4utogfe9ntvc}
}
```

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## References

90 references, 24 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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