---
title: "Many Languages, One Parser — Ammar 2016"
description: "Most multilingual NLP pipelines train and maintain a separate model for each language."
authors: ["Waleed Ammar", "George Mulcaire", "Miguel Ballesteros", "Chris Dyer", "Noah A. Smith"]
year: 2016
venue: "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/Q16-1031/"
doi: "10.1162/tacl_a_00109"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ammar-2016-many-languages-one-parser/"
---
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# Many Languages, One Parser

**Authors:** [Waleed Ammar](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/waleed-ammar/), [George Mulcaire](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/george-mulcaire/), [Miguel Ballesteros](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/miguel-ballesteros/), [Chris Dyer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chris-dyer/), [Noah A. Smith](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/noah-a-smith/) · **Year:** 2016 · **Venue:** Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/Q16-1031/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/Q16-1031.pdf) · [DOI 10.1162/tacl\_a\_00109](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00109) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2344508595)

**Citations:** 232 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [150](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Most multilingual NLP pipelines train and maintain a separate model for each language. This ignores structure that related languages share and makes it costly to deploy tools across many languages. Ammar et al. replace that collection with a single dependency parser, MALOPA, trained on the pooled treebanks of several languages. It builds on the stack LSTM (S-LSTM) transition parser of Dyer et al. (2015). Each token's input combines two kinds of signal:
- **Shared across languages:** coarse universal POS tags, multilingual word embeddings and Brown-style word clusters, which let knowledge transfer between languages.
- **Specific to a language:** a language embedding derived from typology and fine-grained POS tags, which let the parser adjust its behavior to the current language.

The authors tested seven European languages from UDT 2.0 and UD 1.2 in three settings: a large, a small, or no target treebank. With large treebanks, the single model matched or beat monolingual parsers on average. Its advantage was largest in the low-resource settings. The work shows that one shared model can serve many languages without losing accuracy on well-resourced ones.

## Key points
- The languages were German, English, Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese and Swedish, drawn from Universal Dependency Treebanks v2.0 and UD v1.2. The code is released at github.com/clab/language-universal-parser.
- When each target language had only about 3,000 annotated tokens, MALOPA beat a strong monolingual baseline by an average of 5.7 LAS points.
- In zero-treebank transfer, the parser was trained on the other six UDT 2.0 languages using gold coarse POS tags. It averaged 70.5 LAS, compared with 69.3 for Guo et al. (2016) and 65.9 for Zhang and Barzilay (2015). It achieved the top score on four of the six target languages.
- Language embeddings were left out of the zero-treebank setting because preliminary tests showed they hurt accuracy there.
- The paper also studies how automatic language identification affects multilingual parsing quality.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Natural language processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/nlp/)

Topics: [Treebanks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/treebanks/) · [Part-of-speech tagging](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/part-of-speech-tagging/)

## Cited by

Cited by

150 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 21 of them have a page here, 129 not yet.

- [Adversarial Multitask Learning for Joint Multi-Feature and Multi-Dialect Morphological Modeling](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/acl-2019-zalmout-adversarial-multitask-learning-joint-multi/)
- [Cross-Lingual Parser Selection for Low-Resource Languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/agic-2017-cross-lingual-parser-selection-low/)
- [Parsing in the absence of related languages: Evaluating low-resource dependency parsers on Tagalog](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aquino-2020-parsing-absence-related-languages-evaluating/)
- [On the Relation between Syntactic Divergence and Zero-Shot Performance](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/arviv-2021-relation-between-syntactic-divergence-zero/)
- [Improving Cross-lingual Transfer through Subtree-aware Word Reordering](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/arviv-2023-improving-cross-lingual-transfer-through/)
- [Massive Choice, Ample Tasks (MaChAmp): A Toolkit for Multi-task Learning in NLP](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/goot-2021-massive-choice-ample-tasks-machamp/)
- [Scheduled Multi-Task Learning: From Syntax to Translation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kiperwasser-2018-scheduled-multi-task-learning-syntax/)
- [From Zero to Hero: On the Limitations of Zero-Shot Language Transfer with Multilingual Transformers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lauscher-2020-zero-hero-limitations-zero-shot/)
- [Choosing Transfer Languages for Cross-Lingual Learning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lin-2019-choosing-transfer-languages-cross-lingual/)
- [URIEL and lang2vec: Representing languages as typological, geographical, and phylogenetic vectors](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/littell-2017-uriel-lang2vec-representing-languages-as/)
- [Modeling Language Variation and Universals: A Survey on Typological Linguistics for Natural Language Processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ponti-2019-modeling-language-variation-universals-survey/)
- [Massively Multilingual Transfer for NER](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/rahimi-2019-massively-multilingual-transfer-ner/)
- [The Persian Dependency Treebank Made Universal](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/safari-2022-persian-dependency-treebank-made-universal/)
- [Cross-Lingual Alignment of Contextual Word Embeddings, with Applications to Zero-shot Dependency Parsing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schuster-2019-cross-lingual-alignment-contextual-word/)
- [Cross-lingual Transfer Learning for Multilingual Task Oriented Dialog](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/schuster-2019-cross-lingual-transfer-learning-multilingual/)
- [Cross-Cultural Similarity Features for Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning of Pragmatically Motivated Tasks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/sun-2021-cross-cultural-similarity-features-cross/)
- [Enhanced UD Dependencies with Neutralized Diathesis Alternation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2017-candito-enhanced-ud-dependencies-neutralized-diathesis/)
- [Universal Dependencies Parsing for Colloquial Singaporean English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2017-wang-universal-dependencies-parsing-colloquial-singaporean/)
- [Parsing Tweets into Universal Dependencies](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2018-liu-parsing-tweets-into-universal-dependencies/)
- [75 Languages, 1 Model: Parsing Universal Dependencies Universally](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ud-2019-kondratyuk-75-languages-1-model-parsing/)
- [Neural Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition with Minimal Resources](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/xie-2018-neural-cross-lingual-named-entity/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{ammar2016many,
  title = {{Many Languages, One Parser}},
  author = {Ammar, Waleed and Mulcaire, George and Ballesteros, Miguel and Dyer, Chris and Smith, Noah A.},
  journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2016},
  doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00109},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00109}
}
```

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## References

50 references, 17 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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