---
title: "A Large Scale Arabic Sentiment Lexicon for Arabic Opinion Mining"
description: "The authors build ArSenL, a lemma-level lexicon. 23 references, cited by 51 papers here."
authors: ["Gilbert Badaro", "Ramy Baly", "Hazem Hajj", "Nizar Habash", "Wassim El-Hajj"]
year: 2014
venue: "Proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Arabic Natural Language Processing (ANLP)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W14-3623/"
doi: "10.3115/v1/w14-3623"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/badaro-2014-large-scale-arabic-sentiment-lexicon/"
---
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# A Large Scale Arabic Sentiment Lexicon for Arabic Opinion Mining

**Authors:** [Gilbert Badaro](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/gilbert-badaro/), [Ramy Baly](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ramy-baly/), [Hazem Hajj](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hazem-hajj/), [Nizar Habash](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nizar-habash/) and [Wassim El-Hajj](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/wassim-el-hajj/) · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Arabic Natural Language Processing (ANLP)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp-workshop-on-arabic-natural-language-processing-anlp/) ([ANLP 2014](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp-workshop-on-arabic-natural-language-processing-anlp/2014/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W14-3623/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W14-3623.pdf) · [DOI 10.3115/v1/w14-3623](https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-3623) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2252067416)

**Citations:** 181 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [51](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/badaro-2014-large-scale-arabic-sentiment-lexicon/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Badaro and colleagues tackle the lack of a large, public Arabic sentiment lexicon that fits Arabic's rich morphology. Earlier Arabic resources were small, mixed lemmas with inflected forms, or were never released. The authors build ArSenL, a lemma-level lexicon. Each entry is a SAMA lemma carrying positive, negative and objective scores taken from English SentiWordNet (ESWN). They compare two construction routes:
- **ArSenL-AWN:** follows Arabic WordNet offsets into ESWN, then aligns AWN lemmas to SAMA.
- **ArSenL-Eng:** links SAMA lemmas to ESWN through their English glosses, which needs only a dictionary.

The final resource is the union of both. They evaluate it extrinsically with SVM classifiers for subjectivity and polarity on a manually annotated part of the Penn Arabic Treebank. The comparison includes a majority baseline and the hand-built adjective lexicon SIFAAT. The gloss-based route beats the wordnet route, and the union beats everything, including SIFAAT. This matters because the cheap dictionary route offers a template for Arabic dialects and other low-resource languages.

## Key points
- ArSenL covers about 28,760 lemmas and 157,969 synset entries, linked to SAMA 3.1 lemmas so it works after lemmatization (e.g., with MADA).
- The AWN route was narrow:
  - 9,635 synsets (6,967 lemmas) reached ESWN 3.0 through version sense maps 2.0→2.1→3.0.
  - WordNet has no adjective sense maps, so only nouns and verbs survived.
  - The 1,695 multi-word lemmas (24%) were dropped.
- AWN-to-SAMA alignment was staged and ended with 5,002 AWN lemmas tied to 4,507 SAMA lemmas, only 12% of SAMA:
  - exact match gave 1,736 lemmas;
  - normalization rules added 1,927;
  - analyzer plus edit-distance backoff added 1,094.
- Lemma coverage on the evaluation corpus:

| Lexicon | Coverage |
|---|---|
| Union | 89.9% |
| Eng | 88.8% |
| AWN | 56.6% |
| SIFAAT | 32.1% |

- Average positive/negative F1:

| Lexicon | Avg. F1 (Pos/Neg) |
|---|---|
| Union | 64.5 |
| Eng | 62.4 |
| SIFAAT | 59.2 |
| AWN | 53.9 |
| Majority baseline | 36.9 |

- The best classifier setup used a Gaussian RBF kernel and sentence-length normalization, without confidence weighting.

## Interesting ideas
- Synset offsets from different WordNet versions are chained through sense-map files, with POS tags rechecked at each hop to catch reused offsets. This is a cheap, verifiable way to carry annotations across resource versions.
- Lemma alignment between two resources runs as an ordered cascade: exact match, then orthographic and lemma-form normalization, then analyzer readings ranked by edit distance. Each stage's yield is reported separately.
- Two routes are built and compared side by side: an expensive one through a rich wordnet and a cheap one through plain dictionary glosses. The cheap one wins on coverage and the union wins overall.
- Every lexicon entry stores a confidence value and its source identifiers alongside the scores, which keeps the resource traceable.
- Coverage is measured separately from downstream F1, and both are compared against a majority baseline and a manually built competitor. This exposes when a precise but small resource loses on recall.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (world): Annotations attached to one WordNet release could be ported onto the release behind our ontology this way, with a POS check guarding against silent mismatches.
- **I2** (tokens): Aligning our lemmas with external lexicons (VerbNet, FrameNet, Wikidata labels) could use the same staged backoff, logging which stage produced each link so it stays explainable.
- **I3** (world): When compiling knowledge tables, we could build both a curated-link and a gloss-link version and keep their union, tagging each entry with its origin.
- **I4** (world): Compiled knowledge entries could carry a provenance record and a confidence value, so a reader can explain where a property of an entity came from.
- **I5** (learn): Lexicon or rule-set evaluations could always report coverage plus a trivial-baseline control, to show whether gains come from precision or from simply covering more input.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [New York University Abu Dhabi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/new-york-university-abu-dhabi/) — University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates · 122 works · 4,602 citations
- [American University of Beirut](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/american-university-of-beirut/) — University, Beirut, Lebanon · 34 works · 2,561 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Gilbert Badaro, Ramy Baly, Hazem Hajj, Nizar Habash and Wassim El-Hajj. 2014. A Large Scale Arabic Sentiment Lexicon for Arabic Opinion Mining. Proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Arabic Natural Language Processing (ANLP).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{badaro2014large,
  title = {{A Large Scale Arabic Sentiment Lexicon for Arabic Opinion Mining}},
  author = {Gilbert Badaro, Ramy Baly, Hazem Hajj, Nizar Habash and Wassim El-Hajj},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the EMNLP 2014 Workshop on Arabic Natural Language Processing (ANLP)},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.3115/v1/w14-3623},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/w14-3623}
}
```

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## References

23 references, 9 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 1 November 2026*