---
title: "ArSentD-LEV: A Multi-Topic Corpus for — Baly 2019"
description: "Most Arabic sentiment datasets assign only a single polarity label to a whole text, often on a coarse three-way scale."
authors: ["Ramy Baly", "Alaa Khaddaj", "Hazem Hajj", "Wassim El-Hajj", "Khaled Bashir Shaban   MIT Computer Science", "Artificial Intelligence Laboratory", "Cambridge", "MA", "USA", "American University of Beirut", "Electrical", "Computer Engineering Department", "Beirut", "Lebanon", "American University of Beirut", "Computer Science Department", "Beirut", "Lebanon", "Qatar University", "Computer Science", "Engineering Department", "Doha", "Qatar)"]
year: 2019
venue: "arXiv:1906.01830"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01830"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.1906.01830"
arxiv: "1906.01830"
licence: "arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute"
licence_url: "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baly-2019-arsentd-lev-multi-topic-corpus/"
---
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# ArSentD-LEV: A Multi-Topic Corpus for Target-based Sentiment Analysis in Arabic Levantine Tweets

**Authors:** [Ramy Baly](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ramy-baly/), Alaa Khaddaj, [Hazem Hajj](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hazem-hajj/), [Wassim El-Hajj](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/wassim-el-hajj/), Khaled Bashir Shaban   MIT Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA, American University of Beirut, Electrical, Computer Engineering Department et al. (23 authors) · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** arXiv:1906.01830 · **Licence:** [arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute](http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01830) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1906.01830) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.1906.01830](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.01830) · [arXiv 1906.01830](https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.01830) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2948433920)

**Citations:** 34 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [26](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Most Arabic sentiment datasets assign only a single polarity label to a whole text, often on a coarse three-way scale. They also overlook dialect and topic, both of which shift how opinions are expressed. Baly et al. address this for the Levantine dialect by building ArSenTD-LEV, a set of 4,000 tweets from Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and Syria. Before collecting data, the authors manually examined a pilot sample of 200 Levantine tweets. From it they learned which topics dominate, how language is used, and how sentiment and its targets appear. They then used it to derive topic keywords for retrieval. Crowd workers labelled each tweet with four things: overall sentiment on a five-point polarity/intensity scale, the target of that sentiment, whether it was stated explicitly or implicitly, and the topic. Baseline experiments indicate that topic-aware models beat topic-agnostic ones and that accuracy drops when training and test topics differ. The resource matters because it combines, in one dialectal corpus, annotation layers that earlier Arabic datasets offered only separately or not at all.

## Key points
- ArSenTD-LEV contains 4,000 Levantine tweets. Each has a 5-point sentiment label (very negative to very positive), a sentiment target, an explicit/implicit flag, and a topic label. The corpus is publicly released through the OMA project site.
- Topic shares in the 200-tweet pilot sample were: personal 36%, politics 23%, religion 11%, sports 6%, other 24%.
- Annotation was crowdsourced, and the guidelines came from the manual pilot analysis.
- Some phrases are culture-dependent. An expression glorifying God reads as positive in the Levant but as a neutral religious formula in the Gulf.
- Experiments show topic-based classifiers outperform topic-blind ones, and there is a clear cross-domain performance gap.

## Interesting ideas
- Run a small manual pilot analysis before writing annotation guidelines, so that label categories reflect what the data actually contains. — For Mova (learn): Before building a new silver or evaluation set, hand-inspect a few hundred sentences to decide which phenomena the labels must cover.
- Attach sentiment to an explicit target instead of to the whole text, so one sentence can hold several opinions about different things. — For Mova (frames): Represent attitudes as frame relations (experiencer → stance → target) in prag, so it can explain who likes or dislikes what.
- Mark whether an opinion is stated outright or only implied, treating implicitness as its own annotation dimension. — For Mova (frames): An explicit/implicit flag on evaluative frames would link naturally to the implicature and irony modules and show which inference step produced the attitude.
- Note that a fixed phrase can carry different evaluative force depending on region or culture. — For Mova (world): Tag compiled lexical knowledge (e.g., polarity of idioms) with a register or region attribute, rather than storing one universal value.
- Test models by training on one topic and evaluating on another to expose domain dependence. — For Mova (learn): Add cross-genre splits (fables vs. school texts vs. news) as standard evaluation controls to detect parsers or readers that overfit one domain.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cited by

Cited by

26 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 10 of them have a page here, 16 not yet.

- [ARBERT & MARBERT: Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Arabic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/abdul-2021-mageed-arbert-marbert-deep-bidirectional-transformers/)
- [Sentiment Analysis for Arabic in Social Media Network: A Systematic Mapping Study](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/abo-2019-sentiment-analysis-arabic-social-media/)
- [Content-Localization based Neural Machine Translation for Informal Dialectal Arabic: Spanish/French to Levantine/Gulf Arabic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alzamzami-2023-content-localization-based-neural-machine/)
- [Content-Localization based System for Analyzing Sentiment and Hate Behaviors in Low-Resource Dialectal Arabic: English to Levantine and Gulf](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/alzamzami-2023-content-localization-based-system-analyzing/)
- [AraBERT: Transformer-based Model for Arabic Language Understanding](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/antoun-2020-arabert-transformer-based-model-arabic/)
- [Arabic Sentiment Analysis with Noisy Deep Explainable Model](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/atabuzzaman-2023-arabic-sentiment-analysis-noisy-deep/)
- [Subjective Sentiment Analysis for Arabic Newswire Comments](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bessou-2019-subjective-sentiment-analysis-arabic-newswire/)
- [The Interplay of Variant, Size, and Task Type in Arabic Pre-trained Language Models](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/inoue-2021-interplay-variant-size-task-type/)
- [CAMeL Tools: An Open Source Python Toolkit for Arabic Natural Language Processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/obeid-2020-camel-tools-open-source-python/)
- [A review of sentiment analysis research in Arabic language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/oueslati-2020-review-sentiment-analysis-research-arabic/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{baly2019arsentd,
  title = {{ArSentD-LEV: A Multi-Topic Corpus for Target-based Sentiment Analysis in Arabic Levantine Tweets}},
  author = {Baly, Ramy and Khaddaj, Alaa and Hajj, Hazem and El-Hajj, Wassim and Science, Khaled Bashir Shaban   MIT Computer and Laboratory, Artificial Intelligence and Cambridge and MA and USA and Beirut, American University of and Electrical and Department, Computer Engineering and Beirut and Lebanon and Beirut, American University of and Department, Computer Science and Beirut and Lebanon and University, Qatar and Science, Computer and Department, Engineering and Doha and Qatar)},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.1906.01830},
  eprint = {1906.01830},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.01830}
}
```

- [← previous Argument Mining: A Survey](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/lawrence-2019-argument-mining-survey/)
- [next → Aspect-based Sentiment Classification with Aspect-specific Graph Convolutional Networks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/zhang-2019-aspect-based-sentiment-classification-aspect/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2019](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2019/)

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