---
title: "Structured Learning for Taxonomy Induction with Belief"
description: "The paper addresses automatic construction of hypernym taxonomies. 45 references, cited by 26 papers here."
authors: ["Mohit Bansal", "David Burkett", "Gerard de Melo", "Dan Klein"]
year: 2014
venue: "Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/P14-1098/"
doi: "10.3115/v1/p14-1098"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bansal-2014-structured-learning-taxonomy-induction-belief/"
---
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# Structured Learning for Taxonomy Induction with Belief Propagation

**Authors:** [Mohit Bansal](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mohit-bansal/), [David Burkett](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/david-burkett/), [Gerard de Melo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/gerard-de-melo/) and [Dan Klein](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dan-klein/) · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/) ([ACL 2014](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/acl/2014/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/P14-1098/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/P14-1098.pdf) · [DOI 10.3115/v1/p14-1098](https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1098) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2100132811)

**Citations:** 58 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [26](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bansal-2014-structured-learning-taxonomy-induction-belief/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses automatic construction of hypernym taxonomies. Given a set of terms, the system must output a full tree in which each term is attached to its parent. Manually built resources such as WordNet have gaps in coverage and are expensive to extend. The authors frame the task as a log-linear factor graph with three kinds of factors:
- first-order factors scoring individual parent–child edges;
- second-order factors scoring pairs of edges that share a parent (siblinghood);
- a global constraint that forces the output to be a valid directed spanning tree.

Features are surface patterns and statistics drawn from Web n-grams and Wikipedia abstracts. Inference uses loopy belief propagation, and the tree factor's messages are computed with the Matrix Tree Theorem. The model is trained discriminatively to reproduce WordNet sub-hierarchies, using adaptive subgradient optimization. On held-out WordNet fragments it roughly halves the error of a chance baseline. It also outperforms earlier systems on an animal-taxonomy benchmark. This matters because it is the first end-to-end structured model that learns relational patterns, including sibling cues, directly while training for whole-tree prediction.

## Key points
- **WordNet reconstruction:** ancestor-based F1 shows a 51% error reduction relative to a chance baseline. About 15% of that reduction comes from the sibling (second-order) factors.
- **Comparison with prior work:** on the animal subtree used by Kozareva and Hovy (2010), the model reaches up to 29% relative error reduction in ancestor F1 under the "Fixed Prediction" setup. Results against Navigli et al. (2011) are not directly comparable, because that work used a different ground truth (Google define, which often returns WordNet glosses).
- **Inference:** belief propagation is exact for the edge-only model, which has no cycles. Adding sibling factors creates loops, so inference becomes loopy BP, capped at 20 iterations. Tree-factor messages cost O(n³) via Kirchhoff's Matrix Tree Theorem.
- **Precision-oriented decoding:** prior systems favour precision, while this model balances precision and recall. Thresholding edge beliefs raises precision to 90.8% while keeping F1 at 61.7%.
- **Learned patterns:** the model recovers classic Hearst patterns such as "C and other P". It also finds new ones, e.g. "C, american P" and breadcrumb-style "> P > C", plus coordination cues like "either C1 or C2".

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [University of California, Berkeley](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-california-berkeley/) — University, Berkeley, United States · 243 works · 251,774 citations
- [Tsinghua University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/tsinghua-university/) — University, Beijing, China · 439 works · 94,783 citations
- [Toyota Technological Institute at Chicago](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/toyota-technological-institute-at-chicago/) — University, Chicago, United States · 37 works · 13,529 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Mohit Bansal, David Burkett, Gerard de Melo and Dan Klein. 2014. Structured Learning for Taxonomy Induction with Belief Propagation. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{bansal2014structured,
  title = {{Structured Learning for Taxonomy Induction with Belief Propagation}},
  author = {Mohit Bansal, David Burkett, Gerard {de Melo} and Dan Klein},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.3115/v1/p14-1098},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1098}
}
```

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## References

45 references, 11 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 3 November 2026*