---
title: "The Woman with Spindles in the — Baranowski 2026"
description: "This philological note examines one image in the Phoenician text of the Karatepe bilingual (KAI 26, A II 3–6)."
authors: ["Krzysztof J. Baranowski"]
year: 2026
venue: "Folia Orientalia 55"
source: "https://wydawnictwo.pan.pl/index.php/fo/article/view/6807"
doi: "10.24425/for.2018.124676"
licence: "CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Folia Orientalia)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baranowski-2026-woman-spindles-luwian-phoenician-inscriptions/"
---
[Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/baranowski-2026-woman-spindles-luwian-phoenician-inscriptions/)

[home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/) / [2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2026/page/10/) / The Woman with Spindles in the Luwian-Phoenician Inscriptions from Karatepe

# The Woman with Spindles in the Luwian-Phoenician Inscriptions from Karatepe

**Authors:** [Krzysztof J. Baranowski](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/krzysztof-j-baranowski/) · **Year:** 2026 · **Venue:** Folia Orientalia 55 · **Licence:** [CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Folia Orientalia)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.24425/for.2018.124676) · [PDF](https://wydawnictwo.pan.pl/index.php/fo/article/download/6807/5633) · [DOI 10.24425/for.2018.124676](https://doi.org/10.24425/for.2018.124676) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4388445347)

**Citations:** 10 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary
This philological note examines one image in the Phoenician text of the Karatepe bilingual (KAI 26, A II 3–6). There, a woman walks alone and unafraid with spindles through places where a man once feared to travel. The translation is largely settled, with plkm read as "spindles" rather than the earlier "districts". Baranowski asks a different question: why does the author mention spindles at all?

Drawing on Ilan Peled's study of gender symbolism, he collects evidence that the spindle marked femininity across the ancient Near East. The sources include Mesopotamian lexical lists and letters, Hittite rituals and oaths, and Proverbs 31. The words "man" and "woman" already invoke the expected contrast between brave and vulnerable. The spindle adds that the woman is an ordinary, defenceless figure, not a heroine.

The reversed gender roles therefore magnify how much Azitawada's reign changed the country. The passage reads as royal propaganda centred on the king's emphatic "I", not as a historical record. The paper also argues that the preposition bʿbr signals purpose ("for the sake of") rather than divine agency.

## Key points
- The PDF itself shows Folia Orientalia vol. LV (2018), DOI 10.24425/for.2018.124676, which does not match the 2026 date in the request.
- The Luwian version supports the reading "spindles": its logogram (sign no. 305 in Payne 2010) pictures a spindle-like object.
- Hittite parallels use the spindle and distaff to remove or confer femininity:
  - Paskuwatti's ritual for male impotence;
  - a curse to Ishtar against enemy men;
  - the soldiers' oath.
- In Proverbs 31:19 the Hebrew word for spindle stands in synonymic parallelism with "distaff". The author argues this rules out the "crutches" reading proposed for 2 Samuel 3:29.
- bʿbr appears in Phoenician only in this inscription. Following Biblical Hebrew usage, the author reads it as "on account of / for the sake of" rather than "by the grace of".

## Interesting ideas
- If a detail adds nothing to what the surrounding words already imply, its mention must carry extra intended meaning, so redundancy itself is a signal. — For Mova (frames): The implicature module could flag modifiers that seem informationally redundant and ask what extra role or attitude they encode, for example that a person is helpless or ordinary.
- A deliberate reversal of stereotyped roles, where the expected brave party fears and the expected weak party is calm, works as a measure of how drastic a change was. — For Mova (frames): Contrast and irony detection could compare frame participants against default role expectations and treat a violated expectation as emphasis, not as noise.
- A rare word's sense can be fixed by its partner in a parallel pair, as with spindle beside distaff. — For Mova (world): When a lemma is ambiguous or rare, coordinated or parallel siblings in the UD tree could constrain which WordNet sense the ontology assigns to it.
- A second-language version of the same text, here the Luwian pictographic sign, serves as an independent witness for a disputed meaning. — For Mova (learn): Aligned translations could act as extra witnesses when building silver data for word senses or roles, accepting a label only when the versions agree.
- Genre affects role assignment: in royal propaganda, mentioning gods need not make them agents, and a purpose reading keeps the ruler as the actor. — For Mova (world): The world model could tag a text's claims by genre and source, for example as self-praise by the narrator, and use that tag when deciding agent versus beneficiary for ambiguous prepositions.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{baranowski2026woman,
  title = {{The Woman with Spindles in the Luwian-Phoenician Inscriptions from Karatepe}},
  author = {Baranowski, Krzysztof J.},
  booktitle = {Folia Orientalia 55},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.24425/for.2018.124676},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.24425/for.2018.124676}
}
```

- [← previous The Verbs with Hamza as First or Third Radical in Modern Arabic Dialects](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/czapkiewicz-2026-verbs-hamza-first-third-radical/)
- [next → ThinkStruct: RST-Aware Attention for Logical Reasoning in Machine Reading Comprehension](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/tran-2026-thinkstruct-rst-aware-attention-logical/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2026](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2026/page/10/)

## References

34 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Amadasi Guzzo, M.G., and A. Archi. 1980. “La bilingue fenicio-ittita geroglifica di Karatepe.” Vicino Oriente 3: 85–102. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Amadasi+Guzzo%2C+M%2EG%2E%2C+and+A%2E+Archi%2E+1980%2E+%E2%80%9CLa+bilingue+fenicio%2Dittita+geroglifica+di+Karatepe%2E%E2%80%9D+Vicino+Oriente+3%3A+85%E2%80%93102%2E)
2. Beit-Arieh, I. 2015. “Inscriptions: 1. Epigraphic Finds from the Iron Age.” Pp. 487–504 in Beit--Arieh, I., Freud, L. (eds.), Tel Malḥata: A Central City in the Biblical Negev. Tel Aviv/ Winona Lake, IN: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology/Eisenbrauns. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beit%2DArieh%2C+I%2E+2015%2E+%E2%80%9CInscriptions%3A+1%2E+Epigraphic+Finds+from+the+Iron+Age%2E%E2%80%9D+Pp%2E+487%E2%80%93504+in+Beit%2D%2DArieh%2C+I%2E%2C+Freud%2C+L%2E+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Tel+Mal%E1%B8%A5ata%3A+A+Central+City+in+the+Biblical+Negev%2E+Tel+Aviv%2F+Winona+Lake%2C+)
3. Bron, F. 1979. Recherches sur les inscriptions phéniciennes de Karatepe. Genève/Paris: Librairie Droz/Librairie Champion. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bron%2C+F%2E+1979%2E+Recherches+sur+les+inscriptions+ph%C3%A9niciennes+de+Karatepe%2E+Gen%C3%A8ve%2FParis%3A+Librairie+Droz%2FLibrairie+Champion%2E)
4. Bryce, T. 2012. The World of Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bryce%2C+T%2E+2012%2E+The+World+of+Neo%2DHittite+Kingdoms%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History%2E+Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press%2E)
5. Clines, D.J.A. (ed.). 1995. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, Volume II: ב–ו. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Clines%2C+D%2EJ%2EA%2E+%28ed%2E%29%2E+1995%2E+The+Dictionary+of+Classical+Hebrew%2C+Volume+II%3A+%D7%91%E2%80%93%D7%95%2E+Sheffield%3A+Sheffield+Academic+Press%2E)
6. Collins, B.J. 2003a. “Ritual and Prayer to Ishtar of Nineveh (1.65).” Pp. 164–165 in Hallo, W.W.W., Younger, K.L. (eds.), The Context of Scripture, Volume I: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World. Leiden: Brill. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Collins%2C+B%2EJ%2E+2003a%2E+%E2%80%9CRitual+and+Prayer+to+Ishtar+of+Nineveh+%281%2E65%29%2E%E2%80%9D+Pp%2E+164%E2%80%93165+in+Hallo%2C+W%2EW%2EW%2E%2C+Younger%2C+K%2EL%2E+%28eds%2E%29%2C+The+Context+of+Scripture%2C+Volume+I%3A+Canonical+Compositions+from+the+Biblical+W)
7. Collins, B.J. 2003b. “The First Soldiers’ Oath (1.66).” Pp. 165–167 in Hallo, W.W.W., Younger, K.L. (eds.), The Context of Scripture, Volume I: Canonical Compositions from the Biblical World. Leiden: Brill. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Collins%2C+B%2EJ%2E+2003b%2E+%E2%80%9CThe+First+Soldiers%E2%80%99+Oath+%281%2E66%29%2E%E2%80%9D+Pp%2E+165%E2%80%93167+in+Hallo%2C+W%2EW%2EW%2E%2C+Younger%2C+K%2EL%2E+%28eds%2E%29%2C+The+Context+of+Scripture%2C+Volume+I%3A+Canonical+Compositions+from+the+Biblical+World%2E+Leiden%3A+)
8. Ҫambel, H. 1999. Corpus of Hieroglypic Luwian Inscriptions, Volume II: Karatepe-Aslantaş, The Inscriptions: Facsimile Edition: With a Contribution by Wolfgang Röllig and Tables by John Davis Hawkins. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%D2%AAambel%2C+H%2E+1999%2E+Corpus+of+Hieroglypic+Luwian+Inscriptions%2C+Volume+II%3A+Karatepe%2DAslanta%C5%9F%2C+The+Inscriptions%3A+Facsimile+Edition%3A+With+a+Contribution+by+Wolfgang+R%C3%B6llig+and+Tables+by+John+Davis+Hawkins%2E+)
9. Donner, H., and W. Röllig. 2002. Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften: Band 1: 5., erweiterte und überarbeitete Auflage. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Donner%2C+H%2E%2C+and+W%2E+R%C3%B6llig%2E+2002%2E+Kanaan%C3%A4ische+und+aram%C3%A4ische+Inschriften%3A+Band+1%3A+5%2E%2C+erweiterte+und+%C3%BCberarbeitete+Auflage%2E+Wiesbaden%3A+Harrassowitz+Verlag%2E)
10. Hawkins, J.D. 2000. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions, Volume I: Inscriptions of the Iron Age, Part 1: Text: Introduction, Karatepe, Karkamiš, Tell Ahmar, Maraş, Malatya, Commagene. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hawkins%2C+J%2ED%2E+2000%2E+Corpus+of+Hieroglyphic+Luwian+Inscriptions%2C+Volume+I%3A+Inscriptions+of+the+Iron+Age%2C+Part+1%3A+Text%3A+Introduction%2C+Karatepe%2C+Karkami%C5%A1%2C+Tell+Ahmar%2C+Mara%C5%9F%2C+Malatya%2C+Commagene%2E+Berlin%3A+W)
11. Hock, H.H., and B.D. Joseph. 2009. Language History, Language Change and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hock%2C+H%2EH%2E%2C+and+B%2ED%2E+Joseph%2E+2009%2E+Language+History%2C+Language+Change+and+Language+Relationship%3A+An+Introduction+to+Historical+and+Comparative+Linguistics%2E+Berlin%3A+Mouton+de+Gruyter%2E)
12. Hoffner, H.A., Jr. 1966. “Symbols for Masculinity and Femininity: Their Use in Ancient Near Eastern Sympathetic Magic Rituals.” Journal of Biblical Literature 85 (3): 326–334. — 1987. “Paskuwatti’s Ritual against Sexual Impotence (CTH 406).” Aula Orientalis 5 (2): 271–287. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Hoffner%2C+H%2EA%2E%2C+Jr%2E+1966%2E+%E2%80%9CSymbols+for+Masculinity+and+Femininity%3A+Their+Use+in+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Sympathetic+Magic+Rituals%2E%E2%80%9D+Journal+of+Biblical+Literature+85+%283%29%3A+326%E2%80%93334%2E+%E2%80%94+1987%2E+%E2%80%9CPaskuwatti%E2%80%99s+Ri)
13. Khan, G. 2008. “The Syriac Words in the Kitāb al-Mustaʿīnī in the Arcadian Library Manuscript.” Pp. 95–104 in Burnett, C. (ed.), Ibn Baklarish Book of Simples: Medical Remedies between Three Faiths in Twelth-Century Spain. London: The Arcadian Library. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Khan%2C+G%2E+2008%2E+%E2%80%9CThe+Syriac+Words+in+the+Kit%C4%81b+al%2DMusta%CA%BF%C4%ABn%C4%AB+in+the+Arcadian+Library+Manuscript%2E%E2%80%9D+Pp%2E+95%E2%80%93104+in+Burnett%2C+C%2E+%28ed%2E%29%2C+Ibn+Baklarish+Book+of+Simples%3A+Medical+Remedies+between+Three+Faiths+in)
14. Koch-Westenholz, U. 1995. Mesopotamian Astrology: An Introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian Celestial Divination. Copenhagen: The Carsten Niebuhr Institute of Near Eastern Studies/ Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Koch%2DWestenholz%2C+U%2E+1995%2E+Mesopotamian+Astrology%3A+An+Introduction+to+Babylonian+and+Assyrian+Celestial+Divination%2E+Copenhagen%3A+The+Carsten+Niebuhr+Institute+of+Near+Eastern+Studies%2F+Museum+Tusculanum+)
15. Krahmalkov, C.R. 2000. Phoenician-Punic Dictionary. Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Krahmalkov%2C+C%2ER%2E+2000%2E+Phoenician%2DPunic+Dictionary%2E+Leuven%3A+Uitgeverij+Peeters+en+Departement+Oosterse+Studies%2E)
16. Krotkoff, G. 1985. “Studies in Neo-Aramaic Lexicology.” Pp. 123–134 in Kort, A. and S. Morschauser (eds.), Biblical and Related Studies Presented to Samuel Iwry. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Krotkoff%2C+G%2E+1985%2E+%E2%80%9CStudies+in+Neo%2DAramaic+Lexicology%2E%E2%80%9D+Pp%2E+123%E2%80%93134+in+Kort%2C+A%2E+and+S%2E+Morschauser+%28eds%2E%29%2C+Biblical+and+Related+Studies+Presented+to+Samuel+Iwry%2E+Winona+Lake%2C+IN%3A+Eisenbrauns%2E)
17. Layton, Scott C. 1989. “A Chain Gang in 2 Samuel III 29? A Rejoinder.” Vetus Testamentum 39 (1): 81–86. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Layton%2C+Scott+C%2E+1989%2E+%E2%80%9CA+Chain+Gang+in+2+Samuel+III+29%3F+A+Rejoinder%2E%E2%80%9D+Vetus+Testamentum+39+%281%29%3A+81%E2%80%9386%2E)
18. Lipiński, Edward. 1974. “From Karatepe to Pyrgi: Middle Phoenician Miscellanea.” Rivista di studi fenici 2: 45–61. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lipi%C5%84ski%2C+Edward%2E+1974%2E+%E2%80%9CFrom+Karatepe+to+Pyrgi%3A+Middle+Phoenician+Miscellanea%2E%E2%80%9D+Rivista+di+studi+fenici+2%3A+45%E2%80%9361%2E)
19. Livingstone, A. 1989. Court Poetry and Literary Miscellanea. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Livingstone%2C+A%2E+1989%2E+Court+Poetry+and+Literary+Miscellanea%2E+Helsinki%3A+Helsinki+University+Press%2E)
20. Magnanini, P. 1973. Le iscrizioni fenicie dell’Oriente: Testi, traduzioni, glossari. Roma: Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente, Università degli Studi di Roma. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Magnanini%2C+P%2E+1973%2E+Le+iscrizioni+fenicie+dell%E2%80%99Oriente%3A+Testi%2C+traduzioni%2C+glossari%2E+Roma%3A+Istituto+di+Studi+del+Vicino+Oriente%2C+Universit%C3%A0+degli+Studi+di+Roma%2E)
21. Mankowski, P.V. 2000. Akkadian Loanwords in Biblical Hebrew. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mankowski%2C+P%2EV%2E+2000%2E+Akkadian+Loanwords+in+Biblical+Hebrew%2E+Winona+Lake%2C+IN%3A+Eisenbrauns%2E)
22. McCarter, P.K., Jr. 1984. II Samuel: A New Translation with Introduction, Notes and Commentary. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=McCarter%2C+P%2EK%2E%2C+Jr%2E+1984%2E+II+Samuel%3A+A+New+Translation+with+Introduction%2C+Notes+and+Commentary%2E+Garden+City%2C+NY%3A+Doubleday%2E)
23. Meyers, C. 2016. “Women’s Lives.” Pp. 415–432 in Niditch, S. (ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Meyers%2C+C%2E+2016%2E+%E2%80%9CWomen%E2%80%99s+Lives%2E%E2%80%9D+Pp%2E+415%E2%80%93432+in+Niditch%2C+S%2E+%28ed%2E%29%2C+The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Ancient+Israel%2E+Malden%2C+MA%3A+Wiley+Blackwell%2E)
24. Mutzafi, H. 2005. “Etymological Notes on North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic.” Aramaic Studies 3 (1): 83–107. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mutzafi%2C+H%2E+2005%2E+%E2%80%9CEtymological+Notes+on+North%2DEastern+Neo%2DAramaic%2E%E2%80%9D+Aramaic+Studies+3+%281%29%3A+83%E2%80%93107%2E)
25. Parpola, S. 2007a. Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the Kings Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, Part I: Texts. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Parpola%2C+S%2E+2007a%2E+Letters+from+Assyrian+Scholars+to+the+Kings+Esarhaddon+and+Assurbanipal%2C+Part+I%3A+Texts%2E+Winona+Lake%2C+IN%3A+Eisenbrauns%2E)
26. Parpola, S. 2007b. Letters from Assyrian Scholars to the King Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, Part II: Commentary and Appendices. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Parpola%2C+S%2E+2007b%2E+Letters+from+Assyrian+Scholars+to+the+King+Esarhaddon+and+Assurbanipal%2C+Part+II%3A+Commentary+and+Appendices%2E+Winona+Lake%2C+IN%3A+Eisenbrauns%2E)
27. Payne, A. 2010. Hieroglyphic Luwian: An Introduction with Original Texts. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Payne%2C+A%2E+2010%2E+Hieroglyphic+Luwian%3A+An+Introduction+with+Original+Texts%2E+Wiesbaden%3A+Harrassowitz+Verlag%2E)
28. Peled, I. 2014. “Men in Question: Parallel Aspects of Ambiguous Masculinities in Mesopotamian and Biblical Sources.” Maarav 21 (1–2): 127–148. — 2016. Masculinities and Third Gender: The Origins and Nature of an Institutionalized Gender Otherness in the Ancient Near East. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Peled%2C+I%2E+2014%2E+%E2%80%9CMen+in+Question%3A+Parallel+Aspects+of+Ambiguous+Masculinities+in+Mesopotamian+and+Biblical+Sources%2E%E2%80%9D+Maarav+21+%281%E2%80%932%29%3A+127%E2%80%93148%2E+%E2%80%94+2016%2E+Masculinities+and+Third+Gender%3A+The+Origins+and+N)
29. Roth, M. (ed). 2005. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Volume 12: P. Chicago, IL: The Oriental Institute. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Roth%2C+M%2E+%28ed%29%2E+2005%2E+The+Assyrian+Dictionary+of+the+Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago%2C+Volume+12%3A+P%2E+Chicago%2C+IL%3A+The+Oriental+Institute%2E)
30. Röllig, W. 1999. “Appendix I: The Phoenician Inscriptions.” Pp. 50–81 in Ҫambel 1999. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=R%C3%B6llig%2C+W%2E+1999%2E+%E2%80%9CAppendix+I%3A+The+Phoenician+Inscriptions%2E%E2%80%9D+Pp%2E+50%E2%80%9381+in+%D2%AAambel+1999%2E)
31. Schade, A. 2006. A Syntactic and Literary Analysis of Ancient Northwest Semitic Inscriptions. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Schade%2C+A%2E+2006%2E+A+Syntactic+and+Literary+Analysis+of+Ancient+Northwest+Semitic+Inscriptions%2E+Lewiston%3A+The+Edwin+Mellen+Press%2E)
32. Stol, Marten. 2016. Women in the Ancient Near East. Translated by Helen Richardson and Mervyn Richardson. Boston: De Gruyter. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Stol%2C+Marten%2E+2016%2E+Women+in+the+Ancient+Near+East%2E+Translated+by+Helen+Richardson+and+Mervyn+Richardson%2E+Boston%3A+De+Gruyter%2E)
33. Younger, L.K. 1998. “The Phoenician Inscription of Azatiwada: An Integrated Reading.” Journal of Semitic Studies 43 (1): 11–47. van den Branden, A. 1983. “Karatepe II,5–6.” Bibbia e Oriente 25: 163–170. van Soldt, W.H. 1990. Letters in the British Museum. Altbabylonische Briefe in Umschrift und Übersetzung 12. Leiden: E.J. Brill. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Younger%2C+L%2EK%2E+1998%2E+%E2%80%9CThe+Phoenician+Inscription+of+Azatiwada%3A+An+Integrated+Reading%2E%E2%80%9D+Journal+of+Semitic+Studies+43+%281%29%3A+11%E2%80%9347%2E+van+den+Branden%2C+A%2E+1983%2E+%E2%80%9CKaratepe+II%2C5%E2%80%936%2E%E2%80%9D+Bibbia+e+Oriente+25%3A+163%E2%80%9317)
34. Wolters, A. 1994. “The Meaning of Kîšôr (Prov 31:19).” Hebrew Union College Annual 65: 91–104. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wolters%2C+A%2E+1994%2E+%E2%80%9CThe+Meaning+of+K%C3%AE%C5%A1%C3%B4r+%28Prov+31%3A19%29%2E%E2%80%9D+Hebrew+Union+College+Annual+65%3A+91%E2%80%93104%2E)