---
title: "Sentence-level Feedback Generation for English Language"
description: "The paper addresses feedback comment generation (GenChal 2022: FCG). 0.472 BLEU. 18 references, cited by 2 papers here."
authors: ["Shabnam Behzad", "Amir Zeldes", "Nathan Schneider"]
year: 2023
venue: "Proceedings of the 16th International Natural Language Generation Conference: Generation Challenges"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2023.inlg-genchal.8/"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/behzad-2023-sentence-level-feedback-generation-english/"
---
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# Sentence-level Feedback Generation for English Language Learners: Does Data Augmentation Help?

**Authors:** [Shabnam Behzad](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/shabnam-behzad/), [Amir Zeldes](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/amir-zeldes/) and [Nathan Schneider](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nathan-schneider/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 16th International Natural Language Generation Conference: Generation Challenges](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/inlg/) ([INLG 2023](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/inlg/2023/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2023.inlg-genchal.8/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2023.inlg-genchal.8.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4411630256)

**Citations:** 1 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [2](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/behzad-2023-sentence-level-feedback-generation-english/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses feedback comment generation (GenChal 2022: FCG). Given a learner's English sentence and the span containing a preposition error, the system must write a short explanation of what is wrong and how to fix it, not just correct it. The authors fine-tune T5-Large, marking the error span with delimiter characters, on about 4.9k annotated sentences from ICNALE essays. They then test whether pseudo data helps. They extract extra sentences with preposition errors from corrected learner corpora using ERRANT, label them with comments from their own fine-tuned model, and compare multi-stage and combined fine-tuning with balanced and unbalanced amounts of pseudo data. T5 beats the official pointer-generator baseline by roughly 14 test BLEU points and ranks third on the leaderboard. Augmentation gives only marginal gains: a tiny in-domain set helps slightly, and larger out-of-domain sets help less or hurt. The authors also compare BLEU against human judgments and classify the system's mistakes, which gives useful guidance for evaluating explanation generators.

## Key points
- Data: the FCG corpus has 4,868/170/215 train/dev/test sentences from ICNALE, whose essays cover only two topics (part-time jobs, smoking bans). Comments were written in Japanese and then translated to English.
- The best system, T5-Large with combined fine-tuning on 544 in-domain ICNALE pseudo sentences, reaches 47.25 test BLEU. The official baseline scores 33.40, and plain T5 scores 47.11. Human-evaluation F1 is about 61–62 versus 31.16 for the baseline. The leaderboard entry is 0.472 BLEU, third behind 0.486.
- Out-of-domain pseudo data came from W&I+LOCNESS (6,973 sentences, or 5,000 in the balanced setting). Combined fine-tuning always edged out multi-stage fine-tuning by up to about 1 BLEU, and the larger unbalanced set lowered scores in both setups.
- Per-sample comparison showed that BLEU above 60 mostly agrees with human labels. However, about 49 test items (23%) were judged correct by humans despite BLEU below 50.
- Among outputs judged wrong, about 54% were entirely incorrect, about 22% mixed a right correction with a faulty explanation, and about 14% fell into a third mixed category. The model sometimes repeated the same wrong advice across sentences with the same error type, such as "on" for surfaces.

## Interesting ideas
- Marking the target span by wrapping it in plain delimiter tokens lets a standard seq2seq model condition on a location without changing the architecture. It is a cheap way to focus generation on one region of a sentence.
- Pseudo data can be built in two steps: first an automatic error-type annotator (ERRANT) filters an unlabelled corrected corpus down to the relevant phenomenon, then the current model labels only those filtered examples. This keeps augmentation targeted rather than generic.
- A few hundred in-domain pseudo examples beat thousands of out-of-domain ones, and adding more noisy pseudo data actively hurt. Volume of silver data is no substitute for domain match and cleanliness.
- Checking the automatic metric item by item against human labels showed where it is trustworthy (high scores) and where it misses correct paraphrases. This shows how to calibrate an overlap metric before relying on it.
- The error taxonomy separates the correctness of the explanation from the correctness of the suggestion. It also notes that a vague but correct comment beats a detailed wrong one.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (back): when generating an explanation about a specific node or phrase, the surface span could be delimited in the input so the text realizer knows exactly which piece the comment concerns.
- **I2** (learn): silver data could be selected by phenomenon (for example, only sentences with preposition-attachment ambiguity) before witness parsers label them, so training effort goes where the model is weak.
- **I3** (learn): silver-data growth should be gated by held-out gains with a negative control, and in-genre text (fables, school tasks) should be preferred over bulk out-of-genre corpora.
- **I4** (back): compressor round-trip outputs scored by n-gram overlap should be spot-checked against meaning-graph equivalence to find the score band where overlap stops reflecting correctness.
- **I5** (answer): explanations that student-readers give for test answers could be graded separately for justification and for final choice, and the system could fall back to a generic hint when its specific reasoning is low-confidence.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Georgetown University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/georgetown-university/) — University, Washington, United States · 88 works · 4,732 citations

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🧭 Topics (2): [English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/english/) · 2,263 works · [🖍️ Grammatical error correction & learner language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/grammatical-error-correction/) · 156 works

## Cite

Cite as: Shabnam Behzad, Amir Zeldes and Nathan Schneider. 2023. Sentence-level Feedback Generation for English Language Learners: Does Data Augmentation Help?. Proceedings of the 16th International Natural Language Generation Conference: Generation Challenges.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{behzad2023sentence,
  title = {{Sentence-level Feedback Generation for English Language Learners: Does Data Augmentation Help?}},
  author = {Shabnam Behzad, Amir Zeldes and Nathan Schneider},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th International Natural Language Generation Conference: Generation Challenges},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2023.inlg-genchal.8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.inlg-genchal.8}
}
```

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## References

18 references, 5 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 1 November 2026*