---
title: "ChemCrow — paper by Bran et al. (2023) — summary and ideas"
description: "The authors tested ChemCrow on 14 use cases in synthesis, drug discovery and materials design. 108 references, cited by 94 papers here."
authors: ["Andres M Bran", "Sam Cox", "Oliver Schilter", "Carlo Baldassari", "Andrew D White", "Philippe Schwaller"]
year: 2023
venue: "arXiv:2304.05376"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.05376"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.2304.05376"
arxiv: "2304.05376"
licence: "arXiv non-exclusive distribution license"
licence_url: "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bran-2023-chemcrow-augmenting-large-language/"
---
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# ChemCrow: Augmenting large-language models with chemistry tools

**Authors:** Andres M Bran, [Sam Cox](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sam-cox/), Oliver Schilter, Carlo Baldassari, [Andrew D White](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/andrew-d-white/) and Philippe Schwaller · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** arXiv:2304.05376 · **Licence:** [arXiv non-exclusive distribution license](http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.05376) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.05376) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2304.05376](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.05376) · [arXiv 2304.05376](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.05376) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4365597205)

**Citations:** 117 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [94](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bran-2023-chemcrow-augmenting-large-language/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary

General-purpose LLMs such as GPT-4 often fail at chemistry. They cannot reliably convert IUPAC names into structures, and they have no access to specialised software or databases. Meanwhile, many strong computational chemistry tools exist, but non-programmers find them hard to combine. ChemCrow addresses both problems with an agent built on GPT-4 that uses 18 expert-designed tools. These cover molecule handling, reactions, safety, search and general utilities. The agent follows the ReAct/MRKL loop: it reasons about the next step, calls a tool, reads the output and repeats until it can answer.

The authors tested ChemCrow on 14 use cases in synthesis, drug discovery and materials design. Through IBM's cloud-connected RoboRXN robot, it planned and ran real syntheses, fixing invalid robot procedures without human help. Working with a chemist, it also helped find a new chromophore. Both LLM and expert judges assessed the outputs. GPT-4 as a judge could not tell clearly wrong plain GPT-4 answers apart from ChemCrow's. The work shows that tool-augmented LLMs can link computational and experimental chemistry. It also suggests that LLM-based evaluation is unreliable in specialised domains.

## Key points

- ChemCrow runs on GPT-4 with 18 tools, such as Name2SMILES, LitSearch/WebSearch, NameRXN, and ReactionPredict, ReactionPlanner and ReactionExecute (based on the RXN4Chemistry API). An open-source release on GitHub (ur-whitelab/chemcrow-public) includes 12 of these tools.
- On RoboRXN, the agent independently synthesised the insect repellent DEET and three thiourea organocatalysts: Schreiner's, Ricci's and Takemoto's. All four gave the expected products.
- In the chromophore case, ChemCrow trained a Random Forest on Morgan fingerprints (RMSE 37 nm) and picked a candidate predicted to absorb near 369 nm. After synthesis, the measured absorption maximum was 336 nm.
- Safety tools check molecules against OPCW and Australia Group chemical-weapon lists, flag explosives via GHS/PubChem, and generate safety summaries. The agent halts when a request involves a listed weapon or precursor.
- The evaluation used 14 use cases with both expert and LLM judges. GPT-4 as an evaluator failed to separate wrong GPT-4 completions from ChemCrow's answers.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Andres M Bran, Sam Cox, Oliver Schilter, Carlo Baldassari, Andrew D White and Philippe Schwaller. 2023. ChemCrow: Augmenting large-language models with chemistry tools. arXiv:2304.05376.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{bran2023chemcrow,
  title = {{ChemCrow: Augmenting large-language models with chemistry tools}},
  author = {Andres M Bran, Sam Cox, Oliver Schilter, Carlo Baldassari, Andrew D White and Philippe Schwaller},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2304.05376},
  eprint = {2304.05376},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2304.05376}
}
```

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## References

108 references, 22 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 2 November 2026*