--- title: "Fred C. Robinson 1993 — paper by Bravo (1994) · SELIM 4" description: "This is a review by Antonio Bravo (University of Oviedo), published in SELIM, of a 1993 Blackwell volume in which Fred C. Robinson gathers…" authors: ["Antonio Bravo"] year: 1994 venue: "SELIM 4" source: "https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/SELIM/article/view/13615" doi: "10.17811/selim.4.1994.156-163" licence: "CC BY-NC-ND (journal licence per DOAJ; SELIM)" licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License" canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bravo-2019-fred-c-robinson-1993-tomb/" --- [Elamur Research](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) · [this page in HTML](https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/bravo-2019-fred-c-robinson-1993-tomb/) [home](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/) / [papers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/) / [1994](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/1994/) / Fred C. Robinson 1993: The Tomb of Beowulf and Other Essays on Old English. Oxford, B. Blackwell # Fred C. Robinson 1993: The Tomb of Beowulf and Other Essays on Old English. Oxford, B. Blackwell **Authors:** [Antonio Bravo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/antonio-bravo/) · **Year:** 1994 · **Venue:** [SELIM 4](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/selim-journal-of-the-spanish-society-for-medieval-english-language-and/) ([SELIM Journal of the Spanish Society for Medieval English Language and Literature 1994](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/selim-journal-of-the-spanish-society-for-medieval-english-language-and/1994/)) · **Publisher:** [University of Oviedo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/university-of-oviedo/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-ND (journal licence per DOAJ; SELIM)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) **Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.17811/selim.4.1994.156-163) · [PDF](https://reunido.uniovi.es/index.php/SELIM/article/download/13615/12322) · [DOI 10.17811/selim.4.1994.156-163](https://doi.org/10.17811/selim.4.1994.156-163) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W6963395219) **Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) ## Summary This is a review by Antonio Bravo (University of Oviedo), published in SELIM, of a 1993 Blackwell volume in which Fred C. Robinson gathers his Old English essays under a title taken from its lead piece, *The Tomb of Beowulf*. It is a humanities book review, not an NLP study, so there is no dataset, model or metric. The review covers twenty-three essays arranged in five thematic parts: - Beowulf interpretation - close readings of other poems, especially The Battle of Maldon - women in Anglo-Saxon literature and authorship - names and their meanings - the modern reception of Old English, including Ezra Pound's Seafarer and the history of the terms "medieval" and "Middle Ages" Bravo singles out several of Robinson's readings. One treats the second funeral rite in Beowulf as a hint of apotheosis that mirrors the Danes' pagan sacrifices early in the poem. Another links Maxims II to a Spanish poem by Juan Ruiz on money corrupting truth. The reviewer praises Robinson's clarity, his preference for the simplest explanation and his defence of traditional philology over literary "theory". For text understanding, the collection's value lies in its method of careful, context-aware reading. ## Key points - The book has IX + 335 pages and twenty-three essays in five parts. Some essays are new, some are reprinted with revisions, and some carry an "Afterward 1992" note pointing to later scholarship. - The title essay reads the closing ceremony of Beowulf as possible hero veneration. It frames this as a parallel to the Danes' pagan offerings in lines 175–88. - Robinson argues that we cannot assume Old English poems were written by men. He cites the women writers Hygeburg of Heidenheim, Berhtgith and Queen Edith. - In the essay on "Middle Ages", Julian of Toledo's 7th-century phrase "tempus medium" turns out to mean something else in context. It refers to the span between the Incarnation and Judgment. - The volume closes with a list of 44 essays and notes by Robinson that were left out, plus a list of his memoirs of scholars. ## Interesting ideas - An odd repeated event at the end of a story may be deliberate, echoing an event at the start rather than being careless redundancy. - A surface phrase that looks like a modern term can carry a different meaning in its original context, as with Julian's "tempus medium". - Character names can encode an author's judgment of the character, as with Unferth and the names in Andreas. - Riddles depend on artful ambiguity, where several readings coexist on purpose. - Modern assumptions should not be projected onto older texts, such as how a past audience saw women as counsellors and prophets. ## For Mova How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests: - **I1** (world): When building the event order of a tale, flag beginning/end events with matching frames as a possible structural parallel instead of merging or discarding the "duplicate". - **I2** (world): Sense links to WordNet/Wikidata should be checked against the surrounding text, not assigned from string identity alone. - **I3** (frames): In fables and tales, a name's literal meaning could serve as an explicit, explainable hint for character traits or irony detection. - **I4** (tree): For riddle-like or playful inputs, keep alternative parses and frames alive instead of committing early to a single tree. - **I5** (answer): QA on older fables should resolve role and stance questions using the text's own world, and should flag answers that rely only on present-day defaults. *Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.* 📚 Shelves (3): [🎭 Arts and Humanities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · 9,296 works · [🏛️ History](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/history/) · 66 works · [🎭 Classics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/classics/) · 67 works 🧭 Topics (2): [English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/english/) · 1,373 works · [⏳ Historical linguistics & language change](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-change/) · 159 works ## Cite Cite as: Antonio Bravo. 1994. Fred C. Robinson 1993: The Tomb of Beowulf and Other Essays on Old English. Oxford, B. Blackwell. SELIM 4. The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. ```bibtex @inproceedings{bravo1994fred, title = {{Fred C. Robinson 1993: The Tomb of Beowulf and Other Essays on Old English. Oxford, B. Blackwell}}, author = {Antonio Bravo}, booktitle = {SELIM 4}, year = {1994}, doi = {10.17811/selim.4.1994.156-163}, url = {https://doi.org/10.17811/selim.4.1994.156-163} } ``` - [← previous Determining Determiner Sequencing: A Syntactic Analysis for English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/hockey-1994-determining-determiner-sequencing-syntactic-analysis/) - [next → Janet Bately 1993: Anonymous Old English Homilies. A Preliminary Bibliography of Source Studies. Binghamton, Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York (SUNY)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/campos-2019-janet-bately-1993-anonymous-old/) - [↑ back to papers of 1994](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/1994/) *Updated 24 October 2026*