---
title: "Are aligned neural networks adversarially aligned? — Carlini 2023"
description: "The authors first test state-of-the-art white-box NLP optimization attacks on aligned text models such… 55 references, cited by 105 papers here."
authors: ["Nicholas Carlini", "Milad Nasr", "Christopher A. Choquette-Choo", "Matthew Jagielski", "Irena Gao", "Anas Awadalla", "Pang Wei Koh", "Daphne Ippolito", "Katherine Lee", "Florian Tramer", "Ludwig Schmidt"]
year: 2023
venue: "arXiv:2306.15447"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15447"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.2306.15447"
arxiv: "2306.15447"
licence: "arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute"
licence_url: "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/carlini-2023-aligned-neural-networks-adversarially-aligned/"
---
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# Are aligned neural networks adversarially aligned?

**Authors:** [Nicholas Carlini](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nicholas-carlini/), [Milad Nasr](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/milad-nasr/), [Christopher A. Choquette-Choo](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/christopher-a-choquette-choo/), [Matthew Jagielski](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/matthew-jagielski/), [Irena Gao](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/irena-gao/), [Anas Awadalla](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/anas-awadalla/), [Pang Wei Koh](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/pang-wei-koh/), [Daphne Ippolito](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/daphne-ippolito/), [Katherine Lee](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/katherine-lee/), [Florian Tramer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/florian-tramer/) and [Ludwig Schmidt](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ludwig-schmidt/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** [arXiv:2306.15447](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/) ([NeurIPS 2023](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/neural-information-processing-systems/2023/)) · **Licence:** [arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute](http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15447) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.15447) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2306.15447](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.15447) · [arXiv 2306.15447](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.15447) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W7133254726)

**Citations:** 52 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [105](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/carlini-2023-aligned-neural-networks-adversarially-aligned/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
This NeurIPS 2023 paper asks whether alignment-tuned language models, trained with RLHF or instruction tuning to be helpful and harmless, stay safe against a worst-case adversary who deliberately optimizes inputs rather than relying on hand-written jailbreaks. The authors first test state-of-the-art white-box NLP optimization attacks on aligned text models such as Vicuna. These attacks mostly fail, but the failure is not reassuring. In test cases where an adversarial input is known to exist, the attacks still cannot find it, while brute-force search can. The authors then attack open-source multimodal models that feed CLIP-based image embeddings into a language model. Because images are continuous inputs, they are easy to optimize. Small perturbations to an image made the models produce arbitrary toxic text in every tested case. The authors conjecture that stronger text attacks could achieve the same control over text-only models. The work matters because failed attacks do not prove robustness, so current safety evaluations may overstate how well alignment holds.

## Key points
- The paper introduces "adversarial alignment": evaluating aligned models against optimized worst-case inputs rather than human-written test prompts.
- Existing NLP attacks miss adversarial text that is known to exist, so they are too weak to serve as robustness evaluations.
- Image perturbations achieved a 100% success rate at forcing toxic output (Table 3). The tests used the toxic phrase dataset of Jones et al. (2023) with OpenAssistant prompts as queries, and only small ℓ2 distortions were needed.
- In qualitative tests, a perturbed image made a model write an abusive letter it had refused, and give murder-planning steps despite its usual refusal.
- How easy a model is to attack varies by up to 10× depending on small design choices. Adding future modalities such as audio may open new attack surfaces.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

📚 Shelves (2): [🖥️ Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · 18,614 works · [🤖 Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · 17,965 works

## Cite

Cite as: Nicholas Carlini, Milad Nasr, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, Matthew Jagielski, Irena Gao, Anas Awadalla, Pang Wei Koh, Daphne Ippolito, Katherine Lee, Florian Tramer and Ludwig Schmidt. 2023. Are aligned neural networks adversarially aligned?. arXiv:2306.15447.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{carlini2023are,
  title = {{Are aligned neural networks adversarially aligned?}},
  author = {Nicholas Carlini, Milad Nasr, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, Matthew Jagielski, Irena Gao, Anas Awadalla, Pang Wei Koh, Daphne Ippolito, Katherine Lee, Florian Tramer and Ludwig Schmidt},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2306.15447},
  eprint = {2306.15447},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2306.15447}
}
```

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*Updated 2 November 2026*