---
title: "When Is Multilinguality a Curse? Language Modeling for 250"
description: "Multilingual language models are often used to support low-resource languages, but there is little… 84 references, cited by 61 papers here."
authors: ["Tyler A. Chang", "Catherine Arnett", "Zhuowen Tu", "Benjamin K. Bergen"]
year: 2024
venue: "Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.236/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.236"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chang-2024-when-is-multilinguality-curse-language/"
---
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# When Is Multilinguality a Curse? Language Modeling for 250 High- and Low-Resource Languages

**Authors:** [Tyler A. Chang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/tyler-a-chang/), Catherine Arnett, [Zhuowen Tu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/zhuowen-tu/) and [Benjamin K. Bergen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/benjamin-bergen/) · **Year:** 2024 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/) ([EMNLP 2024](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/2024/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.236/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.236.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.236](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.236) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4404782915)

**Citations:** 24 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [61](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chang-2024-when-is-multilinguality-curse-language/cited-by/) in our library, of the 141,840 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Multilingual language models are often used to support low-resource languages, but there is little direct evidence about how sharing a model with other languages affects modeling quality in any single language. The authors pre-trained more than 10,000 small autoregressive GPT-2 models covering 252 languages. Their corpus combines 24 sources, including OSCAR, Wikipedia and NLLB. They systematically varied four factors: the amount of target-language data, the amount of added multilingual data, how linguistically similar the added languages are, and model size. To make results interpretable, each multilingual model is scored by the size of monolingual dataset that would achieve the same evaluation log-likelihood.

Moderate amounts of data from syntactically similar languages help low-resource languages. High-resource languages, by contrast, consistently lose performance. As datasets grow, the added data eventually harms all languages, which fits the capacity-driven "curse of multilinguality." The practical implication is that massive multilingual pre-training is likely suboptimal for every language involved. Smaller models targeted at groups of related languages are the better choice.

## Key points
- **Data:** After deduplication, with each language capped at 1B tokens, the corpus holds 41.4B tokens across 1572 languages.
  - 252 languages meet the 1.5M-token threshold for experiments.
  - These span 29 language families and 30 scripts.
- **Models:** Over 1900 monolingual baselines and over 8400 multilingual models were trained, at sizes up to 45M parameters.
  - Monolingual baselines come in tiny (4.6M), mini (11.6M) and small (29.5M) sizes.
  - Each target language has a fixed SentencePiece tokenizer with a 32K vocabulary, trained on 10K lines.
- **Low-resource gains:** Adding similar-language data can match a monolingual dataset increase of up to 33%.
  - The benefit depends mainly on syntactic similarity of the added languages; vocabulary overlap adds only a little.
- **High-resource losses:** In small models, adding 1B multilingual tokens equals a 22% data gain for low-resource (1M-token) languages.
  - For high-resource (1B-token) languages, the same addition equals a 63% data loss.
  - In some settings, the loss exceeds 85%.
- **Limitations:** Added data came only from the 48 med-high resource languages, so very close relatives of low-resource targets were often unavailable.
  - Evaluation relies solely on log-likelihood (perplexity) rather than downstream tasks.
  - Coverage misses Australia and much of the Americas.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [University of California San Diego](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-california-san-diego/) — University, San Diego, United States · 34 works · 51,167 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Tyler A. Chang, Catherine Arnett, Zhuowen Tu and Benjamin K. Bergen. 2024. When Is Multilinguality a Curse? Language Modeling for 250 High- and Low-Resource Languages. Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{chang2024when,
  title = {{When Is Multilinguality a Curse? Language Modeling for 250 High- and Low-Resource Languages}},
  author = {Tyler A. Chang, Catherine Arnett, Zhuowen Tu and Benjamin K. Bergen},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2024},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.236},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.emnlp-main.236}
}
```

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*Updated 24 October 2026*