---
title: "Chinese Zero Pronoun Resolution — Chen 2015"
description: "Chinese often leaves an argument unexpressed: a zero pronoun (ZP) is a silent slot that may refer back to an earlier mention."
authors: ["Chen Chen", "Vincent Ng"]
year: 2015
venue: "Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/P15-2053/"
doi: "10.3115/v1/p15-2053"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chen-2015-chinese-zero-pronoun-resolution-joint/"
---
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# Chinese Zero Pronoun Resolution: A Joint Unsupervised Discourse-Aware Model Rivaling State-of-the-Art Resolvers

**Authors:** [Chen Chen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chen-chen/), [Vincent Ng](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/vincent-ng/) · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 (ACL Anthology, before 2016)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/P15-2053/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/P15-2053.pdf) · [DOI 10.3115/v1/p15-2053](https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p15-2053) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2252071042)

**Citations:** 30 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [9](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140673 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Chinese often leaves an argument unexpressed: a zero pronoun (ZP) is a silent slot that may refer back to an earlier mention. Because ZPs carry no number or gender cues, they are harder to resolve than overt pronouns. The authors' earlier unsupervised resolver (CN14) learned from overt pronouns and used a pipeline in which heuristic rules first selected anaphoric ZPs. This paper replaces it with a generative probabilistic model trained with EM directly on unannotated ZPs. Each ZP gets a dummy candidate antecedent. Linking a ZP to the dummy marks it as non-anaphoric, so the model detects and resolves anaphoric zero pronouns (AZPs) in one joint step. A discourse salience feature is added, computed from coreference chains built by a rule-based resolver. On the Chinese part of OntoNotes 5.0 (CoNLL-2012), the model beats CN14 in all three evaluation settings. This shows that unsupervised ZP resolution can reach state-of-the-art quality, which matters for languages that lack ZP-annotated data.

## Key points
- Data: Chinese OntoNotes 5.0 from the CoNLL-2012 shared task. Training used 1,391 documents (about 756K words). The official test set has no ZP annotations, so evaluation used the development set (172 documents, 1,713 AZPs) across six sources: NW, MZ, WB, BN, BC and TC.
- Method: a naive-Bayes-style context model with EM training and Laplace smoothing (θ=1). At test time, ZPs are resolved incrementally from left to right, and NPs filled into earlier gaps become extra candidate antecedents.
- Salience: computed with SinoCoreferencer. Mentions are weighted by grammatical role (subject 4, object 2, other 1) and decay by 0.5 per sentence of distance, with ranks capped at 5. The dummy entity is ranked top when a ZP shows cues of non-anaphoricity.
- Results (overall F-score, CN14 → this model):
  - gold parses with gold AZPs: 47.7 → 50.2
  - gold parses with system AZPs: 26.4 → 30.3
  - fully end-to-end: 15.7 → 17.3
- All gains are statistically significant (paired t-test, p \< 0.05).

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Discourse analysis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/discourse-analysis/) · [Coreference resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/coreference-resolution/)

## Cited by

Cited by

9 papers of our library cite it (of the 140673 whose bibliographies we read); 5 of them have a page here, 4 not yet.

- [Anaphoric Zero Pronoun Identification: A Multilingual Approach](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aloraini-2020-anaphoric-zero-pronoun-identification-multilingual/)
- [Cross-lingual Zero Pronoun Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/aloraini-2020-cross-lingual-zero-pronoun-resolution/)
- [An Empirical Study of Contextual Data Augmentation for Japanese Zero Anaphora Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/konno-2020-empirical-study-contextual-data-augmentation/)
- [Generating and Exploiting Large-scale Pseudo Training Data for Zero Pronoun Resolution](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/liu-2017-generating-exploiting-large-scale-pseudo/)
- [Zero Pronoun Resolution with Attention-based Neural Network](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/yin-2018-zero-pronoun-resolution-attention-based/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{chen2015chinese,
  title = {{Chinese Zero Pronoun Resolution: A Joint Unsupervised Discourse-Aware Model Rivaling State-of-the-Art Resolvers}},
  author = {Chen, Chen and Ng, Vincent},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 7th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 2: Short Papers)},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.3115/v1/p15-2053},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3115/v1/p15-2053}
}
```

- [← previous Chinese Event Coreference Resolution: An Unsupervised Probabilistic Model Rivaling Supervised Resolvers](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/chen-2015-chinese-event-coreference-resolution-unsupervised/)
- [next → chrF: character n-gram F-score for automatic MT evaluation](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/popovic-2015-chrf-character-n-gram-f/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2015](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2015/)

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