---
title: "Pre-trained Language Models' Interpretation of Evaluativity"
description: "This paper asks whether pre-trained language models grasp evaluativity (EVAL), a subtle pragmatic inference. 27 references."
authors: ["Yan Cong"]
year: 2022
venue: "Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Understanding Implicit and Underspecified Language"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2022.unimplicit-1.1/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2022.unimplicit-1.1"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cong-2022-pre-trained-language-models-interpretation/"
---
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# Pre-trained Language Models' Interpretation of Evaluativity Implicature: Evidence from Gradable Adjectives Usage in Context

**Authors:** [Yan Cong](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yan-cong/) · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Understanding Implicit and Underspecified Language](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/unimplicit/) ([Workshop on Understanding Implicit and Underspecified Language 2022](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/unimplicit/2022/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2022.unimplicit-1.1/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2022.unimplicit-1.1.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2022.unimplicit-1.1](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.unimplicit-1.1) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4287887965)

**Citations:** 2 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
This paper asks whether pre-trained language models grasp evaluativity (EVAL), a subtle pragmatic inference. If a speaker says "Maria is tall", listeners take it that Maria counts as tall by the speaker's standard. A comparative or equative ("taller than", "as tall as") carries no such commitment, since both people could be short. The author reuses the human-validated stimuli of Brasoveanu and Rett (2018): 32 gradable antonym pairs, half relative and half absolute, each placed in positive (POS), equative (EQ) and comparative (COMP) frames. GPT-3 and Macaw complete question-style prompts under three framings: a Detective reporting to a Police Chief, a "nerdy" speaker, and a "chill" speaker. The persona framings follow Beltrama and Schwarz (2021). The score is the embedding cosine similarity between each model answer and the POS counterpart of the stimulus. The models match humans in two ways: polarity has no effect, and POS is the most evaluative construction. Unlike humans, the models treat absolute adjectives as more evaluative than relative ones in nearly every condition. The study shows how datasets from experimental pragmatics can serve as probes for models.

## Key points
- The stimuli are 32 antonym pairs (16 relative, 16 absolute) in 3 constructions, giving 96 test strings. Human baselines come from Brasoveanu and Rett (2018, N=95), and the persona descriptions come from Beltrama and Schwarz (2021, N=240).
- Two models were tested: Macaw-large (770M parameters, 24 layers, built on T5) and GPT-3/InstructGPT (175B parameters, 96 layers). Both ran as plain completion without fine-tuning, with max_tokens=100 and presence/frequency penalties set to 0.6.
- The measure was cosine similarity between text-similarity-babbage-001 embeddings of the model's reply and the POS version of the target. It operationalizes the Bierwisch Test, under which a construction is evaluative iff it contextually entails its POS counterpart.
- GPT-3 tracked human construction sensitivity better and behaved similarly across prompt framings. Macaw reacted more strongly to framing: the chill persona clearly strengthened its treatment of POS as evaluative.
- On adjective class, the models mostly deviated from humans by rating relative adjectives as less evaluative than absolute ones. This held even in EQ and COMP, and the difference was significant for some Macaw settings.

## Interesting ideas
- The Bierwisch Test gives a clean diagnostic: a construction carries evaluative force exactly when, in context, it entails the bare positive form. This turns a fuzzy pragmatic notion into a checkable entailment relation.
- Gradable adjectives should be split into relative ones (with a context-dependent standard, like tall or heavy) and absolute ones (anchored to a scale endpoint, like full or empty), because the class changes how evaluative inferences behave.
- The speaker's persona is treated as an experimental variable, on the idea that a literal-minded speaker invites literal readings while a socially savvy one invites implicatures. This builds speaker identity directly into interpretation.
- The author admits that a similarity score can rate an entailed but differently worded answer as dissimilar, and a non-entailed but similar answer as close. The proposed fix is to switch to entailment checking.
- Existing human behavioral datasets from experimental linguistics are reused as ready-made, already validated benchmarks with graded human expectations.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): crate prag could emit an evaluativity implicature for bare positive gradable predicates and withhold it for comparatives and equatives, with an explanation trace citing the construction type.
- **I2** (world): the measures/values lexicon could tag each gradable adjective with its class and scale, so the world model knows whether "X is full" fixes a state or "X is tall" only places X relative to a comparison class.
- **I3** (frames): implicature computation could take a speaker-profile parameter (strict/literal vs. loose/pragmatic) that adjusts precision standards for numerals and gradable terms.
- **I4** (learn): evaluation of inference outputs should include such distractor controls and score with explicit entailment over meaning graphs rather than surface similarity.
- **I5** (learn): Mova's pragmatics module could be checked against published psycholinguistic judgment patterns, comparing the direction of effects rather than single accuracy numbers.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Yan Cong. 2022. Pre-trained Language Models' Interpretation of Evaluativity Implicature: Evidence from Gradable Adjectives Usage in Context. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Understanding Implicit and Underspecified Language.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{cong2022pre,
  title = {{Pre-trained Language Models' Interpretation of Evaluativity Implicature: Evidence from Gradable Adjectives Usage in Context}},
  author = {Yan Cong},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Understanding Implicit and Underspecified Language},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2022.unimplicit-1.1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.unimplicit-1.1}
}
```

- [← previous Pragmatic and Logical Inferences in NLI Systems: The Case of Conjunction Buttressing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/pedinotti-2022-pragmatic-logical-inferences-nli-systems/)
- [next → Pre-trained Models or Feature Engineering: The Case of Dialectal Arabic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kwaik-2022-pre-trained-models-or-feature/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2022](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2022/page/8/)

## References

27 references, 7 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 1 November 2026*