---
title: "Spiritual and Medical Dimensions of the — Cziganj 2025"
description: "The paper examines how Middle English writers talked about memory and how that vocabulary reflects two competing frameworks: a medical one and a…"
authors: ["Natalia Cziganj"]
year: 2025
venue: "Lexis: Journal in English Lexicology"
source: "https://journals.openedition.org/lexis/9471"
doi: "10.4000/13wnd"
licence: "CC BY-SA (journal licence per DOAJ; Lexis: Journal in English Lexicology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/cziganj-2025-spiritual-medical-dimensions-language-memory/"
---
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# Spiritual and Medical Dimensions of the Language of Memory in Middle English Texts

**Authors:** Natalia Cziganj · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** Lexis: Journal in English Lexicology · **Licence:** [CC BY-SA (journal licence per DOAJ; Lexis: Journal in English Lexicology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.4000/13wnd) · [PDF](http://journals.openedition.org/lexis/pdf/9471) · [DOI 10.4000/13wnd](https://doi.org/10.4000/13wnd) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4410306906)

**Citations:** 0 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper examines how Middle English writers talked about memory and how that vocabulary reflects two competing frameworks: a medical one and a spiritual one. Prior work had covered Old English memory terms, and the HTOED lists Middle English vocabulary, but a dictionary list alone shows little of how a concept was understood. The author therefore works onomasiologically, following Geeraerts & Gevaert. She starts from the concept rather than a fixed word list, gathers contexts about memory, and then traces frequent terms through concordances, collocations and recurring 3-/4-grams. The data is the CMEPV, a collection of 289 texts from 1100–1500. It is split at 1350, the point when Galenic medicine spread through vernacular translations. Key terms such as memorie, remembraunce and mynde show a movement away from the Anglo-Saxon heart-centred view of memory toward a head-centred model shaped by Galen and Aristotle. Alongside this, a Christian sense of remembering as moral and devotional practice persists. The study matters because it ties word meaning to the history of ideas, not only to individual cognition.

## Key points
- Corpus: the CMEPV, a University of Michigan collection of Middle English texts in both prose and verse, drawn from its Middle English Compendium and comprising 289 texts dated 1100–1500. About one third of the texts are literary and about one quarter are religious; the rest include medical and scientific treatises.
- HTOED records 1,392 memory-related terms. Only 19 are attested in Old English and 147 in Middle English, which the author takes as evidence that lexicographic lists are too thin on their own.
- Tools: Sketch Engine and #Lancsbox, used for concordances, collocations and keyword-anchored 3-grams and 4-grams.
- The corpus is split into a pre-1350 sub-corpus (973,112 words) and a later one. Galen is named more than 70 times, mostly in post-1350 medical translations.
- Genre, discourse type, and whether a text is original or translated from Latin all affect how memory vocabulary behaves.

## Interesting ideas
- Begin from a concept, collect the passages that express it, and only then decide which words belong to it; this captures vocabulary that a fixed seed list would miss. — For Mova (world): Ontology entries such as "remembering" could be filled bottom-up from passages showing the concept, instead of starting only from WordNet synsets.
- Split the data at a dated external event (here, the spread of Galenic medicine) rather than at an arbitrary year, so that differences in usage can be linked to a cause. — For Mova (learn): Evaluation sets could be split by meaningful source shifts, such as genre or translated versus original text, so that a drop in accuracy points to a specific explanation.
- Use short keyword-anchored n-grams to bring out the metaphor hidden behind a word, such as memory imagined as a place, a vessel, or an organ. — For Mova (frames): Recurring n-gram patterns around mental-state nouns could suggest frame variants, for example a container reading versus an agent reading of "mind".
- Check a curated thesaurus against what the corpus actually shows, treating any mismatch as a list of gaps to fill. — For Mova (world): Corpus evidence could be run against FrameNet/WordNet coverage to log missing senses for mental-state vocabulary, with explicit provenance for each addition.
- Record whether a text is a translation, because translated text can carry the source language's conceptual habits. — For Mova (tokens): A source/translation flag on documents could keep calque-driven lemma or sense statistics from distorting the tagger's priors.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{cziganj2025spiritual,
  title = {{Spiritual and Medical Dimensions of the Language of Memory in Middle English Texts}},
  author = {Cziganj, Natalia},
  journal = {Lexis: Journal in English Lexicology},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.4000/13wnd},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.4000/13wnd}
}
```

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42. Middle English Dictionary. 2000-2008. Online edition in Middle English Compendium. Frances McSparran et al. (eds). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library. [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/) (30 May 2024). NOTES 1. Drawing on classical sources like Hippocrates and Galen, the treatise systematically combined theoretical knowledge and practical techniques incorporating Chauliac’s own observations and innovations. The work addressed a wide array of topics, including anatomy, wound care, fractures, and even the treatment of plague. It puts emphasis on empirical evidence and detailed surgical methods. ABSTRACTS [↗](http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/)