---
title: "Parallel Hardware for Faster Morphological Analysis — Damaj 2017"
description: "The authors build a linguistic-based (LB) stemmer that extracts verb roots and adds extra infix handling. 49 references."
authors: ["Issam Damaj", "Mahmoud Imdoukh", "Rached Zantout   American University of Kuwait", "Rafik Hariri University)"]
year: 2017
venue: "arXiv:1904.07148 · Computer and Information Sciences, Elsevier. 30(2018) 531-546"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.07148"
doi: "10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.07.003"
arxiv: "1904.07148"
licence: "arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute"
licence_url: "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/damaj-2019-parallel-hardware-faster-morphological-analysis/"
---
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# Parallel Hardware for Faster Morphological Analysis

**Authors:** Issam Damaj, Mahmoud Imdoukh, Rached Zantout   American University of Kuwait and Rafik Hariri University) · **Year:** 2017 · **Venue:** [arXiv:1904.07148 · Computer and Information Sciences, Elsevier. 30(2018) 531-546](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/journal-of-king-saud-university-computer-and-information-sciences/) ([Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences 2017](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/journal-of-king-saud-university-computer-and-information-sciences/2017/)) · **Publisher:** [Elsevier BV](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/elsevier-bv/) · **Licence:** [arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute](http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.07.003) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.07148) · [DOI 10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.07.003](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.07.003) · [arXiv 1904.07148](https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.07148) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2734894770)

**Citations:** 3 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper tackles the cost of Arabic morphological analysis. Arabic verbs carry prefixes, suffixes and infixes, and the infix letters can coincide with root letters, so extracting a root takes many rule checks. The authors build a linguistic-based (LB) stemmer that extracts verb roots and adds extra infix handling. They model it as concurrent processes (Generate Stems, Filter by Size, Compare Stems and Extract Root, Substring Truncation) and implement it three ways: as software on a multi-core CPU, as a non-pipelined FPGA processor, and as a pipelined FPGA processor. The pipelined core reaches about 2.08 million words per second, roughly 5,571 times faster than the software version. Root-extraction accuracy is 87% on the Holy Quran and 90.7% on its Chapter 29, Surat Al-Ankabut, with results checked against the Khoja stemmer. The authors argue that NLP research should treat parallelism and hardware/software co-design as first-class concerns. They also propose hardware metrics as a way to profile NLP algorithms.

## Key points
- Speed: the parallel processor reaches 2.08 MWps, a 5571.4× speedup over software. Pipelining adds a further 5.18× over the non-pipelined core.
- Clock and area: the cores run at only about 10.4 MHz (non-pipelined) and 10.78 MHz (pipelined). The pipelined core still achieves 151.85 Wps/ALUT and 10,197 Wps/LR.
- Complexity: the sequential algorithm is O(n²), and several parallel sub-processes become constant-time. Stem comparison stays the bottleneck, and the authors suggest a tree search could make it O(log n).
- Scale of the problem: the Qutrub tool generates 82 surface forms for the single root "study", which collapse to 36 once diacritics are removed.
- Ablation on frequent Quran roots: infix processing matters a lot. For the hollow root كون (1390 true occurrences), Khoja finds only 32, the proposed stemmer with infix processing finds 765, and without it 161. On several other roots, however, Khoja finds more.

## Interesting ideas
- Generate every candidate stem from a word at once, prune by length, then validate against a closed list of known roots, turning analysis into a parallel filter-and-match pipeline.
- Evaluate the same algorithm with and without one rule component (infix processing) on a per-frequent-item basis, exposing where the component carries the result.
- Compare against a strong baseline item by item rather than with one aggregate score, which revealed a specific blind spot (Khoja on a hollow verb root).
- Profile NLP code with throughput, throughput-per-resource and degree of parallelism, not just accuracy, so that design trade-offs become visible.
- Identify the one inherently sequential step (stem comparison) as the critical path and propose a tree search to shrink it.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (tokens): the lemmatizer for irregular English forms could produce all candidate lemmas in parallel and keep only those found in the lexicon, with each rejection logged for explainability.
- **I2** (learn): per-lemma or per-relation ablation tables could serve as negative controls showing which repair rules or modules actually earn their keep.
- **I3** (learn): reporting gparse-versus-perceptron disagreements per construction would localize systematic failures that a single LAS number hides.
- **I4** (tree): tracking sentences per second per GPU memory unit for gparse alongside LAS would make parser design decisions measurable.
- **I5** (world): lookups into the compiled knowledge (verb classes, WordNet ontology) could use indexed or trie structures so they do not become the bottleneck of the pipeline.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

Also on the byline: [American University of Kuwait](https://ror.org/00w73cg32) · [Rafik Hariri University](https://ror.org/00x1fdr51).

📚 Shelves (5): [🖥️ Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · 9,086 works · [🤖 Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · 8,889 works · [🎭 Arts and Humanities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · 9,296 works · [🗣️ Language and Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · 9,206 works · [🔌 Hardware and Architecture](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/hardware-and-architecture/) · 38 works

🧭 Topics (3): [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · 1,484 works · [🧩 Morphology](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/morphology/) · 277 works · [⚡ GPU & parallel computing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/gpu-parallel-computing/) · 7 works

## Cite

Cite as: Issam Damaj, Mahmoud Imdoukh, Rached Zantout   American University of Kuwait and Rafik Hariri University). 2017. Parallel Hardware for Faster Morphological Analysis. arXiv:1904.07148 · Computer and Information Sciences, Elsevier. 30(2018) 531-546.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{damaj2017parallel,
  title = {{Parallel Hardware for Faster Morphological Analysis}},
  author = {Issam Damaj, Mahmoud Imdoukh, Rached Zantout American University of Kuwait and Rafik Hariri University)},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.07.003},
  eprint = {1904.07148},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.07.003}
}
```

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## References

49 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 24 October 2026*