---
title: "Just a Series of Misunderstandings? Assyria — Edmonds 2022"
description: "The paper addresses a long-running dispute: when and how did the Aramean polity of Bīt-Zamāni, centred on Amēdu (modern Diyarbakır), become an Assyrian…"
authors: ["Alexander Johannes Edmonds"]
year: 2022
venue: "Asia Anteriore Antica 3"
source: "https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/asiana/article/view/1188"
doi: "10.36253/asiana-1188"
licence: "CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Asia Anteriore Antica)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/edmonds-2022-just-series-misunderstandings-assyria-b/"
---
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# Just a Series of Misunderstandings? Assyria and B?t-Zam?ni, ?adi-/I?tadi-libbušu, and Aramaic in the early Neo-Assyrian State

**Authors:** Alexander Johannes Edmonds · **Institutions:** Northeast Normal University · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** Asia Anteriore Antica 3 · **Licence:** [CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Asia Anteriore Antica)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.36253/asiana-1188) · [PDF](https://riviste.fupress.net/index.php/asiana/article/download/1188/1083) · [DOI 10.36253/asiana-1188](https://doi.org/10.36253/asiana-1188) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4214846977)

**Citations:** 1 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper addresses a long-running dispute: when and how did the Aramean polity of Bīt-Zamāni, centred on Amēdu (modern Diyarbakır), become an Assyrian province? Edmonds reviews earlier positions, which split into an "866–849 BC" camp and a "late 9th century" camp. He then traces the polity's Middle Assyrian background and writes two parallel, overlapping accounts. One covers Assyria's political dealings with Bīt-Zamāni. The other covers how Assyria organised provinces in the Upper Tigris.

He adds a prosopographical study of the governor of Na'iri who was eponym in 849 BC. That official's name appears in two contemporary forms, Ḫadi-libbušu and Iḫtadi-libbušu. Edmonds explains both as alternative Akkadian renderings of a single Aramaic name, *ḥdhlbbh. This suggests a local ruler was kept in office as governor, a Postgatian "transitional case" like Bīt-Baḫiāni/Gūzāna. It may also be the earliest known use of Aramaic in Neo-Assyrian administration.

## Key points
- Assyria's early foothold at Damdammusa gave way in 879 BC to two provinces, Sinābu/Na'iri and Tušḫan; Bīt-Zamāni itself proved notably resilient against Assyrian pressure.
- The dating debate depends on the 17-year gap between Aššur-nāṣir-apli II's failure to take Amēdu (866 BC) and the 849 BC eponym. Only a short note on Salmānu-ašarēd III's march (856 BC) falls in between.
- The province's extent comes from Aššur Stelae nos. 39 and 47, belonging to Marduk-šimanni and Ninurta-kibsī-uṣur. On these, the city appears as "Andi", which must be read as a byname for Amēdu.
- Ninurta-kibsī-uṣur, eponym in 838 BC while still governor of Raṣappa, later displaced the local dynasty in Na'iri. Amēdu then rebelled in the 826–820 BC succession war before it was finally absorbed.
- A comparable translation of names into Akkadian for limmu dating may apply to Gūzāna's first two governors. The author proposes that Urarṭu's threat pushed Aššur-nāṣir-apli II into a compact with Bīt-Zamāni.

## Interesting ideas
- Two spelling variants of one person are treated as two valid ways of vocalising and translating a consonant-only source name, rather than as a scribal error. — For Mova (tokens): Name normalisation could map variant spellings to one underlying form and keep the ambiguity explicit instead of picking one at random.
- The history is rebuilt by aligning two independent evidence streams, administrative eponym lists and royal campaign narratives, and checking archaeology only where needed. — For Mova (learn): This matches the witness-agreement idea: accept silver facts only when separate sources line up, and flag cases where they conflict.
- Two overlapping storylines, political relations and administrative provincialisation, are written separately and then combined, which exposes nuances a single narrative hides. — For Mova (world): The text world could keep separate layers for different kinds of relation (control vs. formal status) on the same entities, so a contradiction in one layer does not overwrite the other.
- A place name that differs on monuments ("Andi") is resolved as an alias of a known city, after rejecting an emendation because the form recurs on several stelae. — For Mova (frames): Coreference of named entities could use recurrence across independent mentions as evidence for a genuine alias rather than a typo.
- The first time a governor is attested gives only a latest possible date, and vague campaign reports cannot prove vassal status; the author treats absence of evidence cautiously. — For Mova (answer): When answering temporal questions, the reader should distinguish "attested by" from "happened at" and say when the text only bounds an event.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Hebrew & Aramaic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/hebrew-aramaic/) · [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{edmonds2022just,
  title = {{Just a Series of Misunderstandings? Assyria and B?t-Zam?ni, ?adi-/I?tadi-libbušu, and Aramaic in the early Neo-Assyrian State}},
  author = {Edmonds, Alexander Johannes},
  booktitle = {Asia Anteriore Antica 3},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.36253/asiana-1188},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.36253/asiana-1188}
}
```

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