---
title: "Mazajak: An Online Arabic Sentiment Analyser (2019)"
description: "Arabic sentiment analysis lacked a ready-to-use public tool. 35 references, cited by 54 papers here."
authors: ["Ibrahim Abu Farha", "Walid Magdy"]
year: 2019
venue: "Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/W19-4621/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/w19-4621"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/farha-2019-mazajak-online-arabic-sentiment-analyser/"
---
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# Mazajak: An Online Arabic Sentiment Analyser

**Authors:** [Ibrahim Abu Farha](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ibrahim-abu-farha/) and [Walid Magdy](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/walid-magdy/) · **Year:** 2019 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/) ([WANLP 2019](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/wanlp/2019/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/W19-4621/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/W19-4621.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/w19-4621](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4621) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2964573145)

**Citations:** 143 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [54](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/farha-2019-mazajak-online-arabic-sentiment-analyser/cited-by/) in our library, of the 141,840 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Arabic sentiment analysis lacked a ready-to-use public tool. The only multilingual option, SentiStrength, relies on a dictionary that handles MSA but breaks down on the dialects common on social media. Mazajak fills this gap. It is an online sentiment classifier that uses a CNN whose output feeds into an LSTM. Its input is word2vec skip-gram embeddings trained on about 250M unique Arabic tweets, collected between 2013 and 2016 so that many dialects and topics are covered. Text passes through a light normalisation pipeline: unifying letter variants, collapsing elongated letters, and stripping noise. The authors evaluated the model on three tweet benchmarks: SemEval 2017 Task 4-A, ASTD and ArSAS. It slightly beats the previous best systems on the first two and scores high on ArSAS, which had no published baseline. The deployed tool is retrained on SemEval and ASTD combined and offers several access modes: single text, batch files, Twitter timelines and a Python API. Users can also send feedback that becomes new training data. The work gives Arabic NLP a reusable, dialect-tolerant sentiment component.

## Key points
- Architecture: 300-d embeddings → 1D conv (300 filters, width 3) → max pooling (size 2) → LSTM (128 cells, 20% recurrent and output dropout) → softmax, trained with Adam at lr 0.0001.
- The embedding corpus has 250M unique tweets, far larger than the 67M tweets behind AraVec, the previous largest set.
- Scores (F_PN, the macro-F over positive and negative only):
  - SemEval 0.63 vs 0.61 for El-Beltagy et al. (2017).
  - ASTD 0.72 vs 0.71 for the CNN/Bi-LSTM ensemble of Heikal et al. (2018).
  - ArSAS 0.90, with accuracy 0.92.
- Data handling:
  - ArSAS was cut from over 21K to 17,784 tweets by removing the rare "mixed" class and labels with confidence of 50% or below.
  - ASTD and ArSAS were split randomly 80/20 because they have no official split.
- The online modes are text input with a feedback form, batch files, Twitter timeline plots of sentiment over time, and a downloadable Python API. Planned extensions are Arabizi and emoji handling.

## Interesting ideas
- The exact same normalisation is applied both when pretraining the embeddings and when classifying, so the vocabulary seen at inference matches the vectors learned.
- Crowd-labelled data is filtered by annotator confidence, and a sparse, ambiguous class is dropped rather than learned badly.
- The live tool lets users mark wrong outputs, and these corrections periodically flow back into retraining.
- The main metric (F_PN) averages F only over the informative polar classes, so a dominant neutral class cannot inflate the score.
- Timeline mode aggregates per-tweet labels into class counts over time for one account, turning item-level predictions into a trend view.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (tokens): run one shared normaliser for building lexicons and lemma tables and for live tokenisation, so training-time and runtime forms never drift apart.
- **I2** (learn): silver trees or frames could be kept only above an agreement threshold among witness parsers, and rare, ill-defined labels could be set aside until enough clean examples exist.
- **I3** (learn): a correction channel in the answering readers could log disputed parses or answers as candidate data for self-induced repair rules, each checked against negative controls before use.
- **I4** (frames): when evaluating irony or speech-act detection, where "none" dominates, score only the marked categories to see real detection quality.
- **I5** (world): per-sentence states such as attitude or holdings could be tracked along the event order of a story, letting readers answer questions about how a character's state changes.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [University of Edinburgh](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-edinburgh/) — University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom · 255 works · 68,771 citations

📚 Shelves (4): [🖥️ Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/) · 9,085 works · [🤖 Artificial Intelligence](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/) · 8,888 works · [🎭 Arts and Humanities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · 9,296 works · [🗣️ Language and Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · 9,206 works

🧭 Topics (2): [😊 Sentiment & emotion](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/sentiment-emotion/) · 609 works · [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/) · 1,485 works

## Cite

Cite as: Ibrahim Abu Farha and Walid Magdy. 2019. Mazajak: An Online Arabic Sentiment Analyser. Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{farha2019mazajak,
  title = {{Mazajak: An Online Arabic Sentiment Analyser}},
  author = {Ibrahim Abu Farha and Walid Magdy},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Arabic Natural Language Processing Workshop},
  year = {2019},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/w19-4621},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/w19-4621}
}
```

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## References

35 references, 6 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 24 October 2026*