---
title: "Between Analogy and Language Contact — Gębski 2023"
description: "The paper asks whether analogy, an internal driver of language change, and language contact, an external one, act separately or can reinforce each other."
authors: ["Wiktor Gębski"]
year: 2023
venue: "Folia Orientalia 60"
source: "https://wydawnictwo.pan.pl/index.php/fo/article/view/817"
licence: "CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Folia Orientalia)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gebski-2023-between-analogy-language-contact-case/"
---
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# Between Analogy and Language Contact: A Case Study of Grammatical Change in Maghrebi Judaeo-Arabic Dialects

**Authors:** Wiktor Gębski · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** Folia Orientalia 60 · **Licence:** [CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Folia Orientalia)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.24425/for.2023.148426) · [PDF](https://wydawnictwo.pan.pl/index.php/fo/article/download/817/618) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4391183111)

**Citations:** 2 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper asks whether analogy, an internal driver of language change, and language contact, an external one, act separately or can reinforce each other. It examines two Jewish Arabic dialects of the Maghreb: sedentary Gabes in southern Tunisia and Wad-Souf in eastern Algeria, which shows many Bedouin traits. The author collected new fieldwork data in Israel and France and compared it with published descriptions of Jewish Tripoli and Jewish Tunis. Five grammatical changes are analysed using two kinds of analogy: extension and reanalysis. Three changes involve verb morphology and two involve syntax. Three of the cases can be explained internally. In the other two, contact appears to have sped up a change that analogy had already set in motion: Berber for the t-passive and Israeli Hebrew for the loss of deflected agreement. The paper concludes that internal and external forces can work together when the result of an analogy matches a form that already exists in the donor language. It also suggests that communities cut off from standard Arabic may regularise their grammar more.

## Key points
- **Fieldwork data.**
  - Gabes: 8 native speakers (4 men, 4 women), recorded between December 2018 and March 2022.
  - Wad-Souf: 2 speakers, aged 74 and 72, recorded in two 2022 sessions in Israel.
  - Comparison data: Jewish Tripoli from Yoda (2005) and Jewish Tunis from Cohen (1964, 1975).
- **Verb system.** The dialects have nine verb stems, including a purely dialectal T-passive. They lack the Old Arabic stems IV and IX, and the XI stem corresponds to the Eastern IX.
- **Internal cases.**
  - In Wad-Souf, the third-radical-weak pattern spreads over geminate stem II verbs.
  - Verbs from stem VIII (second radical weak) and stem XI shift to stem I conjugation.
  - The subordinator /bāš/ is reanalysed into a discourse-dependency marker, which the author compares with NENA /t-/.
- **Contact-assisted cases.**
  - The /t-/ passive arose by analogy with stems V and VI, supported by Berber /t-/ passives.
  - Plural heads with 3FSG ("deflected") agreement disappeared in favour of strict agreement, helped along by Israeli Hebrew.
  - Optimality Theory constraint ranking is used to explain why Jewish and Muslim dialects diverge on agreement.
- **Community structure.** Wad-Souf shows more analogical change than Gabes. Its Jewish community lived in a single quarter, while Gabes Jews lived among Muslim families.

## Interesting ideas
- The paper separates two kinds of change: extension alters a form's surface to fit the dominant paradigm, while reanalysis keeps the surface but gives the form a new function. This split is a clean way to classify any form–function mismatch. — For Mova (tokens): Lemma and tag repair rules could be split the same way, with surface-normalising rules for irregular or nonstandard forms and relabelling rules that keep the token but change its POS or feature reading.
- A change is treated as more plausible when two independent pressures point to the same target form, here an internal pattern and a contact language. — For Mova (learn): A self-induced repair rule could be promoted only when its output also matches what an independent witness parser or teacher tier produces, so that two unrelated sources must agree.
- Dialect differences are modelled as different rankings of the same output constraints, for example grammatical agreement ranked against animacy or individuation. Variation is not modelled as separate rule sets. — For Mova (tree): UD dialect conversion could be expressed as one shared set of ranked, explainable constraints, with each treebank or genre defined only by its ranking.
- The analysis of deflected agreement shows that how a plural noun agrees depends on whether its referent is human or individuated. — For Mova (world): Collective nouns such as "team" or "committee" could be resolved by checking animacy and individuation in the world model, so that singular or plural agreement and pronoun reference stay consistent.
- The author proposes that communities isolated from a normative standard regularise their grammar more, and treats community structure as a variable that predicts the amount of change. — For Mova (learn): Evaluation could include texts from non-standard or learner-like sources as a separate slice, to measure how far regularised forms degrade tokenisation and parsing.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/)

## Institutions

- [University of Cambridge](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-cambridge/) — University, Cambridge, United Kingdom · 119 works · 110 950 citations

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{gebski2023between,
  title = {{Between Analogy and Language Contact: A Case Study of Grammatical Change in Maghrebi Judaeo-Arabic Dialects}},
  author = {Gębski, Wiktor},
  booktitle = {Folia Orientalia 60},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.24425/for.2023.148426},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.24425/for.2023.148426}
}
```

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