---
title: "Disfluencies as intra-utterance dialogue moves — Ginzburg 2014"
description: "Ginzburg, Fernández and Schlangen argue that disfluencies belong in grammar and semantics, and… 87 references, cited by 11 papers here."
authors: ["Jonathan Ginzburg", "Raquel Fernández", "David Schlangen"]
year: 2014
venue: "Semantics and Pragmatics"
source: "https://semprag.org/index.php/sp/article/view/sp.7.9"
doi: "10.3765/sp.7.9"
licence: "CC BY (Semantics and Pragmatics, journal policy)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ginzburg-2014-disfluencies-as-intra-utterance-dialogue/"
---
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# Disfluencies as intra-utterance dialogue moves

**Authors:** [Jonathan Ginzburg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/jonathan-ginzburg/), [Raquel Fernández](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/raquel-fernandez/) and [David Schlangen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/david-schlangen/) · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** [Semantics and Pragmatics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semantics-and-pragmatics/) ([Semantics and Pragmatics 2014](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/semantics-and-pragmatics/2014/)) · **Publisher:** [Linguistic Society of America](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/linguistic-society-of-america/) · **Licence:** [CC BY (Semantics and Pragmatics, journal policy)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.7.9) · [PDF](https://semprag.org/index.php/sp/article/download/sp.7.9/pdfsp79) · [DOI 10.3765/sp.7.9](https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.7.9) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W1972941542)

**Citations:** 180 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · 11 in our library, of the 141,840 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Spoken conversation is full of self-corrections, hesitations and restarts, yet formal grammar has usually dismissed them as performance noise. Ginzburg, Fernández and Schlangen argue that disfluencies belong in grammar and semantics, and they model them in KoS, a dialogue theory built on Type Theory with Records. The core idea is that a disfluency is a small dialogue move inside a single utterance. It is governed by the same conversational rules that already handle Clarification Requests between speakers, so the only new assumption is incremental, word-by-word interpretation. The authors separate two kinds. In backward looking disfluencies, an alteration revisits a reparandum that was already spoken. In forward looking ones, completion is only delayed by a pause or a repetition. The account gives explicit roles to editing phrases and filled pauses. It also predicts self-addressed questions, where a speaker raises and answers the question of what they meant to say. Examples from Switchboard, BNC and TRAINS show that reparanda feed anaphora, implicature and negation. The work matters because it shows which context theories can handle disfluency at all, and it challenges the competence/performance split.

## Key points
- The structure of a disfluency follows Shriberg's labels: start, reparandum, moment of interruption, editing term, alteration, continuation. Of these, every disfluency must contain a moment of interruption and a continuation; the remaining parts are optional.
- The typology covers false starts, repairs (appropriateness-repairs vs error-repairs, after Levelt) and reformulations, which the paper groups as backward looking. Hesitations and repetitions are grouped as forward looking (Levelt's covert repair).
- Evidence that reparanda are not discarded:
  - anaphora: "Peter was, well, he was fired";
  - a contrast implicature in a Switchboard example;
  - "no" negating material from the reparandum (BNC file KB8);
  - a TRAINS dialogue where a fresh start still relies on a referent introduced earlier.
- Self-addressed questions are licensed by the KoS rule QSPEC, which lets either participant take the turn once a question is maximal in QUD. This separates querying from turn-taking, unlike accounts derived from Speech Act Theory.
- Frameworks that integrate metacommunicative interaction can in principle model disfluency: KoS and PTT do, and Dynamic Syntax at least addresses it. Standard DRT, SDRT, Roberts-style pragmatics and Inquisitive Semantics lack this integration, so the authors argue they cannot.

## Interesting ideas
- Treat a self-correction as a clarification request the speaker addresses to themselves, so one mechanism covers repair within an utterance, across turns and between speakers.
- Locate the reparandum using word identity and category identity, and add content-based matching on top.
- Keep entities introduced in a reparandum alive even after the wording is corrected, because later pronouns may point to them.
- Correcting an expression can trigger a contrast implicature: the replaced option is implied not to be the intended one.
- Separate the forward/backward distinction: pure delays and repetitions carry no change of content, while backward repairs replace or elaborate.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): speech-act handling in prag could reuse its clarification logic for "I mean"/"no" corrections instead of adding a separate repair module.
- **I2** (tree): a pre-parse repair detector could align a candidate alteration with earlier material by lemma, UPOS and semantic class, then attach it with the UD `reparandum` relation rather than guessing.
- **I3** (world): when an event or description is retracted, the world model should keep the discourse referent and replace only the predication, so "Our dog likes- he loves the beach" still resolves "he".
- **I4** (frames): the implicature component could record the abandoned alternative as explicitly excluded, which helps QA questions like "was it only her friends?"
- **I5** (learn): an evaluation set with paired fluent/disfluent versions of the same sentence could act as a negative control, since forward looking disfluencies should leave frames and answers unchanged.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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- [Approches Linguistiques Théoriques, Appliquées et Expérimentales : langues et cultures connectées](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/approches-linguistiques-theoriques-appliquees-et-experimentales-langues-et/) — Research institute, Paris, France · 6 works · 260 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Jonathan Ginzburg, Raquel Fernández and David Schlangen. 2014. Disfluencies as intra-utterance dialogue moves. Semantics and Pragmatics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{ginzburg2014disfluencies,
  title = {{Disfluencies as intra-utterance dialogue moves}},
  author = {Jonathan Ginzburg, Raquel Fernández and David Schlangen},
  journal = {Semantics and Pragmatics},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.3765/sp.7.9},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.7.9}
}
```

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*Updated 24 October 2026*