---
title: "The Lexical Domains of Ugliness and Aesthetic Horror in the Old"
description: "Old English studies have recently paid attention to beauty, wonder and awe, but negative aesthetic experience has been… 34 references."
authors: ["Francisco Javier Minaya Gómez"]
year: 2023
venue: "Atlantis 45"
source: "https://www.atlantisjournal.org/index.php/atlantis/article/view/932"
doi: "10.28914/atlantis-2023-45.1.09"
licence: "CC BY-NC-SA (journal licence per DOAJ; Atlantis)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gomez-2023-lexical-domains-ugliness-aesthetic-horror/"
---
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# The Lexical Domains of Ugliness and Aesthetic Horror in the Old English Formulaic Style

**Authors:** [Francisco Javier Minaya Gómez](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/francisco-javier-minaya-gomez/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** [Atlantis 45](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/atlantis-revista-de-la-asociacion-espanola-de-estudios-anglo-norteamericanos/) ([Atlantis: Revista de la Asociación Española de Estudios Anglo-Norteamericanos 2023](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/atlantis-revista-de-la-asociacion-espanola-de-estudios-anglo-norteamericanos/2023/)) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-SA (journal licence per DOAJ; Atlantis)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.28914/atlantis-2023-45.1.09) · [PDF](https://www.atlantisjournal.org/index.php/atlantis/article/download/932/575) · [DOI 10.28914/atlantis-2023-45.1.09](https://doi.org/10.28914/atlantis-2023-45.1.09) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4382726011)

**Citations:** 1 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
Old English studies have recently paid attention to beauty, wonder and awe, but negative aesthetic experience has been largely overlooked. This paper examines the words Old English poets had for ugliness and for aesthetic horror, the emotional reaction ugliness most typically provokes. It asks what role these words play in verse and what they attach to. It belongs to a larger project on aesthetic-emotion vocabulary. Candidate terms were collected from the Thesaurus of Old English (TOE), Bosworth-Toller (BWT) and the Dictionary of Old English (DOE). Their attestations were then pulled from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus (DOEC) and annotated in an Access database, using an adapted version of Gries's Behavioural Profiles method. The author finds that ugliness vocabulary is scarce in Old English poetry and mostly derived by negating beauty words. Unlike the rich beauty lexicon, it was not a core part of the formulaic poetic style. Where ugliness does appear, it is bound up with moral judgement rather than with shape or form. The study fills a gap in historical aesthetics and the lexicology of emotion.

## Key points
- Resources: DOEC as the corpus; TOE, BWT and DOE as lexicographic tools; attestations annotated in an Access database following an adaptation of Behavioural Profiles (Gries 2010).
- The extant record has no native Old English root for "ugly". Ugliness is formed by attaching negating affixes to beauty words, e.g. *unfæger* (from *fæger*) and *wlitelēas* (from *wlite*).
- The TOE ugliness section lists eight terms, but only three occur in poetry. *Fūl* is set aside as a bodily, sense-based term. *Unfæger* and *wlitelēas* occur in verse, while *unwlitig* is found only in prose.
- The TOE divides the field in two: formal ugliness (category 07.10.02, with subheadings such as dark/unfair, mean-looking and untrimmed), and deformity or appearances that frighten.
- In poetry, ugliness is reserved for morally condemnable or evil beings. Poets tend to convey it through the effects such beings produce, or by negating the beauty canon, rather than by physical description.

## Interesting ideas
- Ugliness is lexicalised as the negated form of beauty words rather than as an independent root, so one scalar concept supplies both poles.
- Evil or ugly figures are characterised mainly by the reactions they provoke in others (fear, horror, fleeing), not by direct description.
- The method starts from thesaurus-listed candidates and then checks actual attestations by genre. This revealed that most listed terms never occur in verse, so absence itself became a finding.
- In this tradition ugliness and moral badness are fused, so an aesthetic word also signals a value judgement.
- Behavioural Profiles annotate each attestation with many contextual features to describe what a word is used for, not just how often it occurs.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (tokens): Morphology could split negating affixes (un-, -less) into a polarity feature on the lemma, so "unfair" or "beautiless" points to the base concept with reversed sign instead of becoming an opaque new word.
- **I2** (frames): When a text never states an attribute, a frame rule could infer it from experiencer reactions (characters fleeing or shuddering suggests a frightening or repugnant stimulus) and keep that inference as an explainable, defeasible link.
- **I3** (world): Ontology entries compiled from WordNet/FrameNet could carry register or genre attestation counts, so the system knows which senses are realistic in tales and fables and which belong only to other registers.
- **I4** (answer): Readers answering fable or tale questions could treat aesthetic descriptors as weak evidence about a character's moral role. They should state that cue explicitly in the explanation rather than hiding it in scoring.
- **I5** (learn): Per-lemma context profiles built from silver data could be used in evaluation to spot words whose parses or frame assignments drift away from their usual behaviour.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [University of Castilla-La Mancha](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-castilla-la-mancha/) — University, Ciudad Real, Spain · 9 works · 48 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Francisco Javier Minaya Gómez. 2023. The Lexical Domains of Ugliness and Aesthetic Horror in the Old English Formulaic Style. Atlantis 45.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{gomez2023lexical,
  title = {{The Lexical Domains of Ugliness and Aesthetic Horror in the Old English Formulaic Style}},
  author = {Francisco Javier Minaya Gómez},
  booktitle = {Atlantis 45},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.28914/atlantis-2023-45.1.09},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.28914/atlantis-2023-45.1.09}
}
```

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## References

34 references, 1 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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34. Francisco Javier Minaya Gómez is an Assistant Lecturer at the Faculty of Letters in Ciudad Real, Spain. His research focuses on the conceptualisation and expressions of emotions in early Medieval England, and in recent years he has focused on emotions of an aesthetic nature in Old English verse. His research combines methods from corpus and Computational Linguistics with cognitive approaches to Literature. Revised version accepted 8 January 2022 [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Francisco+Javier+Minaya+G%C3%B3mez+is+an+Assistant+Lecturer+at+the+Faculty+of+Letters+in+Ciudad+Real%2C+Spain%2E+His+research+focuses+on+the+conceptualisation+and+expressions+of+emotions+in+early+Medieval+Engl)

*Updated 1 November 2026*