---
title: "Description, Evaluation and Stance — paper by Grund (2017)"
description: "Work on reported speech has mostly examined reporting verbs (say, claim) and modes such as direct and indirect speech. 43 references."
authors: ["Peter J. Grund"]
year: 2017
venue: "NJES: Nordic Journal of English studies 16"
source: "https://publicera.kb.se/njes/article/view/26248"
doi: "10.35360/njes.394"
licence: "CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; NJES: Nordic Journal of English studies)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/grund-2017-description-evaluation-stance-exploring-forms/"
---
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# Description, Evaluation and Stance: Exploring the Forms and Functions of Speech Descriptors in Early Modern English

**Authors:** [Peter J. Grund](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/peter-j-grund/) · **Year:** 2017 · **Venue:** [NJES: Nordic Journal of English studies 16](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/nordic-journal-of-english-studies/) ([Nordic Journal of English Studies 2017](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/nordic-journal-of-english-studies/2017/)) · **Publisher:** [University of Gothenburg](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/university-of-gothenburg/) · **Licence:** [CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; NJES: Nordic Journal of English studies)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.394) · [PDF](https://publicera.kb.se/njes/article/download/26248/21424) · [DOI 10.35360/njes.394](https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.394) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2256728229)

**Citations:** 27 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
Work on reported speech has mostly examined reporting verbs (say, claim) and modes such as direct and indirect speech. It has largely ignored the extra material that tells us how a quoted utterance was delivered or how closely it is rendered. Grund calls these elements "speech descriptors" and gives an exploratory account of them, drawing on witness depositions (a genre built mainly from layers of reported talk) collected in ETED, a digitised edition of such records covering the years 1560 to 1760. The analysis covers three things: the grammatical shapes descriptors take, what they mean or do, and how their use relates to context, especially court type, case type and representation mode. Descriptors turn out to be mostly prepositional phrases, adverbs and adjective constructions. They evaluate the speech (angrily), clarify what was meant (meaning …), or hedge how exact the wording is (or words to that effect). Many work as stance markers that let deponents or scribes show their attitude. This matters because such cues bear on both the reliability and the emotional charge of a reported utterance.

## Key points
- Data: ETED, 905 English witness depositions from 1560–1760, in thirty collections of roughly 267,000 words.
- Seventeen collections come from criminal courts (theft, assault, murder, threats, etc.) and thirteen from ecclesiastical courts (defamation, wills, marriage promises, adultery, tithes). Court and case type appear closely tied to how descriptors are used.
- The commonest descriptor forms are prepositional phrases, adverbs and adjective constructions.
- Functional types include evaluation or manner (angrily, spitefully), clarification (meaning …), and formulation hedging, which marks a quote, even a direct one, as possibly not verbatim.
- Depositions often carry two levels of reported speech (the deponent's testimony and the speech it reports), and scribes reshaped the wording. The texts are therefore co-constructed, and a stance may belong to the witness or to the recorder.

## Interesting ideas
- The paper treats descriptors as a third component of a speech report, separate from the reporting verb and the reported content, and catalogues them by both form and function.
- Formulation hedges such as "or words to that effect" mark a direct quote as approximate, so quotation marks alone do not guarantee exact wording.
- Clarifying glosses ("meaning the poor people…") are the reporter resolving a reference inside the quote for the reader.
- Because a deposition mixes the voices of speaker, witness and scribe, the paper asks whose attitude a stance marker expresses.
- The study links descriptor use to text type (court and case type), suggesting that the frequency and function of such cues depend on genre.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): speech-act frames in prag could get an explicit slot for manner/stance descriptors attached to the saying event, so "said spitefully" yields an evaluated speech act rather than a bare SAY.
- **I2** (world): quoted content in the world of the text could carry a fidelity flag (verbatim vs. gist), which answers can use when asked exactly what someone said.
- **I3** (frames): coreference could treat "meaning X" right after a quoted mention as a strong, explainable link between the in-quote expression and X.
- **I4** (world): nested speech levels could be stored as distinct source layers, so evaluations and beliefs are attributed to the correct voice rather than flattened onto the narrator.
- **I5** (learn): evaluation of speech-report and stance extraction could be stratified by genre, so gains on one text type are not mistaken for general improvement.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Peter J. Grund. 2017. Description, Evaluation and Stance: Exploring the Forms and Functions of Speech Descriptors in Early Modern English. NJES: Nordic Journal of English studies 16.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{grund2017description,
  title = {{Description, Evaluation and Stance: Exploring the Forms and Functions of Speech Descriptors in Early Modern English}},
  author = {Peter J. Grund},
  journal = {NJES: Nordic Journal of English studies 16},
  year = {2017},
  doi = {10.35360/njes.394},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.35360/njes.394}
}
```

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## References

43 references, 1 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

1. Primary source ETED = An Electronic Text Edition of Depositions 1560–1760 (ETED). 2011. Eds. Merja Kytö, Peter J. Grund and Terry Walker. Available on the CD accompanying Testifying to Language and Life in Early Modern England by Merja Kytö, Peter J. Grund and Terry Walker. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Primary+source+ETED+%3D+An+Electronic+Text+Edition+of+Depositions+1560%E2%80%931760+%28ETED%29%2E+2011%2E+Eds%2E+Merja+Kyt%C3%B6%2C+Peter+J%2E+Grund+and+Terry+Walker%2E+Available+on+the+CD+accompanying+Testifying+to+Language+and+Li)
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*Updated 24 October 2026*