---
title: "TArC: Incrementally and Semi-Automatically — Gugliotta 2020"
description: "Tunisian Arabish (TA) is the informal practice of writing the Tunisian dialect in Latin letters, with digits standing in for some Arabic sounds."
authors: ["Elisa Gugliotta", "Marco Dinarelli"]
year: 2020
venue: "Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.770/"
licence: "CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gugliotta-2020-tarc-incrementally-semi-automatically-collecting/"
---
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# TArC: Incrementally and Semi-Automatically Collecting a Tunisian Arabish Corpus

**Authors:** [Elisa Gugliotta](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/elisa-gugliotta/), [Marco Dinarelli](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/marco-dinarelli/) · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC 4.0 (ELRA, LREC proceedings)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.770/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.770.pdf) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4293343222)

**Citations:** 2 citations (openalex-snapshot · 2026-10-14) · [6](#cited-by) in our library, of the 140884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Tunisian Arabish (TA) is the informal practice of writing the Tunisian dialect in Latin letters, with digits standing in for some Arabic sounds. It became common on social media from about 2008, when Arabic keyboards were not widely available in Tunisia. TA has no standard spelling and almost no annotated resources. The authors build TArC, which they present as the first morpho-syntactically annotated corpus of TA. It collects texts written from 2009 onward, so it can also show whether TA spelling is drifting toward a shared convention.

Each token gets several annotation layers:
- a rendering in Arabic script that follows the CODA* and CODA TUN orthography guidelines,
- a lemma,
- a POS tag,
- an Italian translation of the texts.

The corpus grows incrementally and semi-automatically: models pre-annotate new data and humans correct the output. Because CODA* covers many dialects, mapping TA onto it lets existing Arabic NLP tools be reused and makes cross-dialect comparison possible. The paper also describes key Tunisian dialect features, such as circumfix negation and phonological changes, and how TA writers encode them.

## Key points
- TArC is presented as the first TA corpus that is both transcribed into Arabic characters and morpho-syntactically annotated (lemmas and POS).
- Token-level Arabic-script transcription follows CODA* (Habash et al., 2018), chosen because it covers 28 Arab city dialects, together with CODA TUN (Zribi et al., 2014).
- Other freely available Tunisian corpora are small or limited in scope:
  - PADIC: 6,400 sentences across six dialects.
  - TuDiCoI: 21,682 words of railway-station dialogues.
  - STAC: 42,388 words.
  - TARIC: 20 hours of speech, of which only 7,814 words are annotated.
  - TSAC: 17k Facebook comments labeled for polarity, the only one containing TA.
- Some preliminary automatic experiments scored below 50% token-level accuracy on average.
- Annotation-time estimates were derived from the time spent correcting tokens that were already transcribed, which is faster than transcribing from scratch.

## Interesting ideas
- Map a noisy, non-standard writing system onto a conventional orthography (CODA*) as a pivot layer, so tools built for the standard form can be reused downstream. — For Mova (tokens): Social-media English could be normalized token-by-token into a canonical spelling layer that keeps the original form alongside it, so the tagger and lemmatizer see standard input and every change stays traceable.
- Grow the corpus incrementally: a model pre-annotates each new batch, humans correct it, and the corrected data improves the next round of pre-annotation. — For Mova (learn): Silver data agreed on by witness parsers could feed a similar loop, where only disputed tokens go to a human or LLM teacher and the corrected output retrains the models.
- Budget annotation effort by measuring correction time on pre-filled output rather than from-scratch annotation time, which gives a realistic cost for semi-automatic pipelines. — For Mova (learn): Logging time per corrected token or arc when repairing silver UD trees would show which pipeline stage is worth improving first.
- Collect texts across a decade on purpose, so the corpus can reveal whether a spontaneous spelling system is converging toward a convention. — For Mova (world): Timestamped text sources would let the knowledge layer record when a word form or sense became current, instead of treating vocabulary as static.
- Treat translation into the annotators' native language as a cheap extra annotation layer that also helps them check their own understanding of each text. — For Mova (back): A parallel human-written rendering stored per sentence could serve as a reference when evaluating text → graph → text output or translation through the meta-world.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [Treebanks](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/treebanks/)

## Cited by

Cited by

6 papers of our library cite it (of the 140884 whose bibliographies we read); 1 of them have a page here, 5 not yet.

- [TArC: Tunisian Arabish Corpus, First complete release](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/gugliotta-2022-tarc-tunisian-arabish-corpus-first/)

## Cite

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{gugliotta2020tarc,
  title = {{TArC: Incrementally and Semi-Automatically Collecting a Tunisian Arabish Corpus}},
  author = {Gugliotta, Elisa and Dinarelli, Marco},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference},
  year = {2020},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2020.lrec-1.770/}
}
```

- [← previous TaPas: Weakly Supervised Table Parsing via Pre-training](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/herzig-2020-tapas-weakly-supervised-table-parsing/)
- [next → Task-Oriented Dialogue as Dataflow Synthesis](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/andreas-2020-task-oriented-dialogue-as-dataflow/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2020](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2020/page/5/)

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31. Zribi, Inés; Ellouze Khemakhem, Mariem; Hadrich-Belguith, Lamia; Blache, Philippe. (2015). Spoken Tunisian Arabic corpus (STAC). MIRACL Laboratory, Sfax (Tunis), Arabic Natural Language Processing Research Group (ANLP), 1.0. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zribi%2C+In%C3%A9s%3B+Ellouze+Khemakhem%2C+Mariem%3B+Hadrich%2DBelguith%2C+Lamia%3B+Blache%2C+Philippe%2E+%282015%29%2E+Spoken+Tunisian+Arabic+corpus+%28STAC%29%2E+MIRACL+Laboratory%2C+Sfax+%28Tunis%29%2C+Arabic+Natural+Language+Processing+Res)