---
title: "ICL-D3IE — paper by Xu; and Shen (2023) — summary and ideas"
description: "The proposed framework, ICL-D3IE, converts documents into OCR text with bounding boxes, ordered… 42 references, cited by 18 papers here."
authors: ["Jiabang He; Lei Wang; Yi Hu; Ning Liu; Hui Liu; Xing Xu;", "Heng Tao Shen"]
year: 2023
venue: "arXiv:2303.05063"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.05063"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.2303.05063"
arxiv: "2303.05063"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)"
licence_url: "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/he-2023-icl-d3ie-context-learning-diverse/"
---
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# ICL-D3IE: In-Context Learning with Diverse Demonstrations Updating for Document Information Extraction

**Authors:** Jiabang He; Lei Wang; Yi Hu; Ning Liu; Hui Liu; Xing Xu; and [Heng Tao Shen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/heng-tao-shen/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** [arXiv:2303.05063](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/ieee-cvf-international-conference-on-computer-vision-iccv/) ([ICCV 2023](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/ieee-cvf-international-conference-on-computer-vision-iccv/2023/)) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.05063) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.05063) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2303.05063](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.05063) · [arXiv 2303.05063](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.05063) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4390871920)

**Citations:** 33 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [18](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/he-2023-icl-d3ie-context-learning-diverse/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper investigates whether large language models can perform document information extraction (DIE) from visually rich documents (receipts, forms) through in-context learning alone, without fine-tuning. Two obstacles are identified: LLMs cannot see images (modality gap), and they were not trained to reason about layout (task gap). The proposed framework, ICL-D3IE, converts documents into OCR text with bounding boxes, ordered by the XYCut algorithm. It then builds the prompt from three kinds of examples, drawn from training documents similar to the test ones:
- **Hard demonstrations:** segments the model tends to mislabel.
- **Layout-aware demonstrations:** examples where the LLM describes spatial relations between text boxes.
- **Formatting demonstrations:** examples that make answers easy to parse.

Label mapping turns unnatural tag names into plain words, and the hard examples are refined iteratively. On FUNSD, CORD and SROIE, Davinci-003 and ChatGPT with ICL-D3IE match or beat fully fine-tuned models such as LayoutLMv3, especially under distribution shift. This suggests that few-shot prompting is a practical, low-annotation alternative for document understanding.

## Key points
- Benchmarks: FUNSD, CORD and SROIE, tested in both in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) settings. The approach wins everywhere except the ID setting on CORD.
- On SROIE, ICL-D3IE with GPT-3 reaches 97.88%, compared with 96.89% for LayoutLMv3 base fine-tuned on the full training data.
- Ablation results (Davinci-003):
  - Removing hard demonstrations causes the largest loss.
  - Removing layout-aware demonstrations costs about 10 F1 on CORD but little on SROIE.
  - Removing label mapping notably hurts CORD.
- With 1 to 12 demonstrations, both ICL-D3IE variants stay well ahead of LayoutLMv3 fine-tuned on the same few examples.
- Code is released at github.com/MAEHCM/ICL-D3IE.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Singapore Management University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/singapore-management-university/) — University, Singapore, Singapore · 35 works · 2,457 citations
- [University of Electronic Science and Technology of China](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/university-of-electronic-science-and-technology-of-china/) — University, Chengdu, China · 38 works · 2,088 citations

Also on the byline: [Beijing Forestry University](https://ror.org/04xv2pc41).

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🧭 Topics (2): [🧠 Language models & pretraining](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/language-models/) · 3,894 works · [🔎 Information extraction](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/information-extraction/) · 175 works

## Cite

Cite as: Jiabang He; Lei Wang; Yi Hu; Ning Liu; Hui Liu; Xing Xu; and Heng Tao Shen. 2023. ICL-D3IE: In-Context Learning with Diverse Demonstrations Updating for Document Information Extraction. arXiv:2303.05063.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{xu2023icl,
  title = {{ICL-D3IE: In-Context Learning with Diverse Demonstrations Updating for Document Information Extraction}},
  author = {Jiabang He; Lei Wang; Yi Hu; Ning Liu; Hui Liu; Xing Xu; and Heng Tao Shen},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2303.05063},
  eprint = {2303.05063},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2303.05063}
}
```

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*Updated 1 November 2026*