---
title: "Idioms-Proverbs Lexicon for Modern Standard Arabic and"
description: "Sentiment classifiers for Arabic often miss opinions carried by idioms and proverbs. 30 references, cited by 5 papers here."
authors: ["Hossam S. Ibrahim", "Sherif M. Abdou", "Mervat Gheith"]
year: 2015
venue: "arXiv:1506.01906 · International Journal of Computer Applications 118(11):26-31, May 2015"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.01906"
doi: "10.5120/20790-3435"
arxiv: "1506.01906"
licence: "arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute"
licence_url: "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ibrahim-2015-idioms-proverbs-lexicon-modern-standard/"
---
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# Idioms-Proverbs Lexicon for Modern Standard Arabic and Colloquial Sentiment Analysis

**Authors:** [Hossam S. Ibrahim](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/hossam-s-ibrahim/), [Sherif M. Abdou](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sherif-m-abdou/) and [Mervat Gheith](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mervat-gheith/) · **Year:** 2015 · **Venue:** [arXiv:1506.01906 · International Journal of Computer Applications 118(11):26-31, May 2015](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/international-journal-of-computer-applications/) ([International Journal of Computer Applications 2015](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/international-journal-of-computer-applications/2015/)) · **Publisher:** [Foundation of Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/foundation-of-computer-science/) · **Licence:** [arXiv — non-exclusive license to distribute](http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.5120/20790-3435) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1506.01906) · [DOI 10.5120/20790-3435](https://doi.org/10.5120/20790-3435) · [arXiv 1506.01906](https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.01906) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W576558596)

**Citations:** 28 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [5](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ibrahim-2015-idioms-proverbs-lexicon-modern-standard/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Sentiment classifiers for Arabic often miss opinions carried by idioms and proverbs. These fixed expressions mean something different from their words taken one by one, and they frequently contain no explicit sentiment words at all. As a result, a word-level system may label a strongly negative comment as neutral. The authors address this for Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and Egyptian colloquial by building AIPSeLEX, a sentiment lexicon of idioms and proverbs. They gathered a large pool of expressions from specialized books and websites and kept those that are both opinion-bearing and in common use. Native-speaker annotators then labeled each kept expression as positive or negative. On top of the lexicon, they built an extractor that locates these phrases in running text using n-grams and similarity measures. They tested it on tweets and on comments about hotels, products and TV programs to assess coverage and accuracy. The resource matters because figurative phrases, by the authors' count, make up a sizeable share of Arabic online opinions, and the annotation work only has to be done once for the whole community.

## Key points
- About 32,785 idioms and proverbs were gathered between January and September 2014. Of these, 3,632 frequent, sentiment-bearing ones were kept and labeled positive (PO) or negative (NG).
- Three native-speaker raters with Arabic linguistic expertise annotated the entries. Disagreements went to majority vote and then discussion until full consensus. Observed agreement was 98%, and Cohen's Kappa was also reported.
- The test data came from Twitter (via the API, filtered to `lang=ar`) and from sites such as booking.com, fatakat forums and ejabat.google.com.
  - Two native speakers picked roughly 3,600 items that met explicit criteria: subjective, a single opinion, MSA or Egyptian dialect, no sarcasm, no insults, and containing an idiom or proverb.
- Preprocessing had three steps:
  - normalizing Arabic letter variants and stripping diacritics;
  - removing symbols and numbers;
  - collapsing elongations by detecting repeated single-character and two-character patterns.
- In the authors' data, figurative expressions (sarcasm, sayings, idioms) accounted for over 20% of opinions. Sarcastic items were deliberately left out as too hard to handle.

## Interesting ideas
- Store non-compositional expressions as whole lexicon entries with their own polarity, so they override word-by-word interpretation of the span.
- Find lexicon phrases in text by matching n-gram windows with a similarity score rather than exact strings, which tolerates small surface variation.
- Collapse character elongation by detecting repeated one- or two-character patterns, which handles both "gamiiiil"-style stretching and "hahaha"-style repetition.
- Resolve label disagreements with a majority vote first, then discuss the remaining cases until there is full agreement, and report a chance-corrected agreement statistic.
- Build the evaluation set with explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria (one opinion, no sarcasm, idiom present) so it measures exactly the phenomenon under study.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): A multiword-idiom table could mark spans like "cost an arm and a leg" as a single evaluative predicate, so prag does not build literal who-did-what frames from them.
- **I2** (tokens): An idiom matcher over lemmas with an edit-distance threshold could catch inflected or slightly altered idioms ("pinched pennies", "pinching every penny") before parsing.
- **I3** (tokens): The same rule could normalize informal English ("sooooo", "lolol") before tagging and lemmatization, cutting down unknown-word noise.
- **I4** (learn): Silver data from several witness parsers could use the same flow: take the majority arc, send residual conflicts to an LLM teacher tier, and report kappa-style agreement between witnesses.
- **I5** (answer): Fable and test QA sets could have targeted slices, such as items whose answer depends on understanding an idiom, so figurative-language failures show up separately from other errors.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Cairo University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/cairo-university/) — University, Giza, Egypt · 42 works · 1,350 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Hossam S. Ibrahim, Sherif M. Abdou and Mervat Gheith. 2015. Idioms-Proverbs Lexicon for Modern Standard Arabic and Colloquial Sentiment Analysis. arXiv:1506.01906 · International Journal of Computer Applications 118(11):26-31, May 2015.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{ibrahim2015idioms,
  title = {{Idioms-Proverbs Lexicon for Modern Standard Arabic and Colloquial Sentiment Analysis}},
  author = {Hossam S. Ibrahim, Sherif M. Abdou and Mervat Gheith},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.5120/20790-3435},
  eprint = {1506.01906},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.5120/20790-3435}
}
```

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- [↑ back to papers of 2015](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2015/page/3/)

## References

30 references, 10 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 1 November 2026*