---
title: "Terms of Address in Guam (Chamorro) Variety of the English"
description: "The paper belongs to a longer project by Il'ina and Bekisheva on forms of address in Asian varieties of English. 27 references."
authors: ["Svetlana S. Il’ina", "Yuliya V. Bekisheva"]
year: 2020
venue: "Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 17"
source: "http://journals.rudn.ru/polylinguality/article/viewFile/24068/18380"
doi: "10.22363/2618-897x-2019-17-2-140-156"
licence: "CC BY-NC (journal licence per DOAJ; Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/ina-2020-terms-address-guam-chamorro-variety/"
---
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# Terms of Address in Guam (Chamorro) Variety of the English Language as a Means to Express Guamanians’ National Identity

**Authors:** [Svetlana S. Il’ina](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/svetlana-s-il-ina/) and [Yuliya V. Bekisheva](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yuliya-v-bekisheva/) · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** [Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 17](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/polylinguality-and-transcultural-practices/) ([Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 2020](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/polylinguality-and-transcultural-practices/2020/)) · **Publisher:** [Peoples' Friendship University of Russia](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/peoples-friendship-university-of-russia/) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC (journal licence per DOAJ; Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2019-17-2-140-156) · [PDF](http://journals.rudn.ru/polylinguality/article/viewFile/24068/18380) · [DOI 10.22363/2618-897x-2019-17-2-140-156](https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2019-17-2-140-156) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3040328772)

**Citations:** 0 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper belongs to a longer project by Il'ina and Bekisheva on forms of address in Asian varieties of English. The goal of that project is a reference dictionary of address terms spanning Guam, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. This instalment covers Guam (Chamorro) English. The authors argue that people who speak English as a second language bring their own etiquette into it, so their choice of address terms signals local identity. Their sources are questionnaires answered by Guamanians, two dictionaries of Chamorro English, local newspapers, fiction set on Guam, and the authors' own participant observation. They analyse this material with descriptive, observational and simple quantitative methods. The result is a classification of address forms. Guam English uses the familiar international inventory, such as Sir, Ma'am and honey. It also has a layer specific to Guam: kinship terms reflecting a strong family- and mother-centred tradition, plus forms for friends, God, animals, certain professions and other nationalities. The paper is useful as a description of how a small outer-circle variety becomes nativized at the level of speech etiquette.

## Key points
- The theoretical frame is Kachru's Circles Model of World Englishes, which places Guam in the outer circle among roughly 50 territories where English is official. English and Chamorro are both official languages of Guam, under the 1950 Organic Act.
- The paper follows Kachru in separating errors, deviations and innovations. When a deviation is shared by a whole community rather than a few speakers, it becomes systemic and marks an institutionalized regional variety.
- Following Kurilova, the classification covers three kinds of forms:
  - direct address
  - indirect naming of third persons
  - self-naming
- Guam-specific forms include:
  - kin terms
  - profession labels such as *Cambrite* and *huts*
  - ethnonyms for outsiders, often stylistically or politically coloured
  - the greeting *Hafa Adai*, described as the island's signature address formula
- A motivating anecdote involves a Thai and a Korean speaker, both fluent in English, who each expected their own culture's title-plus-name convention. The authors use it to argue that culture, not the shared language, sets etiquette rules.

## Interesting ideas
- A deviation repeated across an entire community counts as a feature of a variety, not an error. Frequency and spread across speakers become the test.
- Direct address, naming of third persons and self-naming are treated as one system, because together they encode the speaker's relation to each participant.
- Address conventions belong to the speaker's culture rather than the language, so two fluent speakers can still clash.
- The study cross-checks evidence from questionnaires, dictionaries, press, fiction and participant observation instead of trusting a single source.
- Variety-specific greetings and address words such as *Hafa Adai* or *Cambrite* form a compact, listable lexicon.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (learn): When witness parsers disagree in the same way on many texts from one variety, flag the pattern as a candidate dialect rule rather than discarding it as noise.
- **I2** (frames): Link vocatives, third-person references and self-references into a single speaker–addressee relation record, which could inform coreference and politeness or irony judgements.
- **I3** (world): Give dialogue participants an optional cultural or etiquette profile, so the world model can explain why a form of address was perceived as rude or appropriate.
- **I4** (answer): Build evaluation sets on address and politeness from several genres, so a reader's success is not tied to one register.
- **I5** (tree): Seed the parser with such World-English address lexicons, so these tokens attach as `vocative` or `discourse` instead of being misparsed as unknown nouns or subjects.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

- [Far Eastern Federal University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/far-eastern-federal-university/) — University, Vladivostok, Russia · 3 works · 6 citations

📚 Shelves (2): [🎭 Arts and Humanities](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/) · 17,450 works · [🗣️ Language and Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/arts-and-humanities/language-and-linguistics/) · 17,296 works

🧭 Topics (1): [English](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/english/) · 2,379 works

## Cite

Cite as: Svetlana S. Il’ina and Yuliya V. Bekisheva. 2020. Terms of Address in Guam (Chamorro) Variety of the English Language as a Means to Express Guamanians’ National Identity. Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 17.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{ilina2020terms,
  title = {{Terms of Address in Guam (Chamorro) Variety of the English Language as a Means to Express Guamanians’ National Identity}},
  author = {Svetlana S. Il’ina and Yuliya V. Bekisheva},
  booktitle = {Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 17},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.22363/2618-897x-2019-17-2-140-156},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2019-17-2-140-156}
}
```

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## References

27 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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26. Ильина С.С. Обращения в сингапурском варианте английского языка. Монография. Владивосток, Изд-во Дальневосточного университета, 2007. 209 с. [find](https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%2E%D0%A1%2E+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%2E+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F%2E+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%2C+%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%2D%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%2C+2007%2E+209+%D1%81%2E)
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Shanmuganathan. 2018. “Cultural conceptualizations of English Aunty in urban Malaysia”. World Englishes & Multilingual Realities. Evolutions, Interfaces, and Trajectories. Materials of the 23rd Annual Conference of the International Association for World Englishes. Aneteo de Manila University, Philippines, May 31 — June 2, 2018. Благодарности: Авторы выражают искреннюю благодарность Наталье Беспаловой, гене-ральному директору туристического агентства «Гуам-Вояж», Анне Люхан, менеджеру и гиду туристического агентства «Гуам-Вояж», а также коллегам из Университета Гуама за неоценимую помощь в работе над исследованием. Acknowledgments: The authors are sincerely grateful to Natalya Bespalova, Director General of the Guam-Voyage Travel Agency, Anna Lyuhan, manager and guide of the travel agency “Guam-Voyage”, as well as colleagues from the University of Guam for invaluable help in research work. Сведения об авторах: Ильина Светлана Сергеевна — кандидат филологических наук, доцент Академического департамента английского языка Восточного института — Школы региональных и международных исследований. E-mail: svilyina@mail.ru Бекишева Юлия Валерьевна — ассистент Академического департамента английского языка Восточного института — Школы региональных и международных исследований. E-mail: julia.bekisheva@gmail.com Bio Notes: Svetlana S. Il’ina is a PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Academic Department of English at the Eastern Institute — School of Regional and International Studies. E-mail: svilyina@ mail.ru Yuliya V. Bekisheva is an Assistant of the Academic Department of English at the Eastern Institute — School of Regional and International Studies. E-mail:julia.bekisheva@gmail.com [↗](https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2018.15.4.1122)

*Updated 29 October 2026*