---
title: "Temporal Annotation in the Clinical Domain — IV 2014"
description: "The authors present THYME-TimeML, a clinical adaptation and extension of ISO-TimeML. 31 references, cited by 108 papers here."
authors: ["William F. Styler IV", "Steven Bethard", "Sean Finan", "Martha Palmer", "Sameer Pradhan", "Piet C de Groen", "Brad Erickson", "Timothy Miller", "Chen Lin", "Guergana Savova", "James Pustejovsky"]
year: 2014
venue: "Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/Q14-1012/"
doi: "10.1162/tacl_a_00172"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/iv-2014-temporal-annotation-clinical-domain/"
---
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# Temporal Annotation in the Clinical Domain

**Authors:** William F. Styler IV, [Steven Bethard](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/steven-bethard/), Sean Finan, [Martha Palmer](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/martha-palmer/), [Sameer Pradhan](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/sameer-pradhan/), [Piet C de Groen](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/piet-de-groen/), Brad Erickson, [Timothy Miller](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/timothy-miller/), [Chen Lin](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/chen-lin/), [Guergana Savova](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/guergana-savova/) and [James Pustejovsky](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/james-pustejovsky/) · **Year:** 2014 · **Venue:** [Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/) ([Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics (TACL) 2014](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/tacl/2014/)) · **Publisher:** [The MIT Press](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/the-mit-press/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/Q14-1012/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/Q14-1012.pdf) · [DOI 10.1162/tacl\_a\_00172](https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00172) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W2293452551)

**Citations:** 241 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [108](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/iv-2014-temporal-annotation-clinical-domain/cited-by/) in our library, of the 141,840 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Clinical narratives in electronic health records hold rich temporal information, but much of it is left implicit. Doctors use shorthand and assume shared medical knowledge, so ordering events into a patient timeline is hard for both annotators and systems. The authors present THYME-TimeML, a clinical adaptation and extension of ISO-TimeML. They used it to annotate the THYME corpus of de-identified Mayo Clinic notes on brain and colon cancer.

The guidelines take a broader view of what counts as an event: anything that belongs on a patient's care timeline. They also add document- and section-level time anchors and organize relations around narrative containers. Annotators mark only orderings signaled by language and leave orderings inferable from domain knowledge to later reasoning.

Inter-annotator agreement was solid for events and time expressions. Agreement on temporal links was clearly better than in the earlier i2b2 data. A top TempEval 2013 system lost considerable accuracy on this data, which shows a real domain gap. The corpus is publicly released and was proposed for a SemEval 2015 task.

## Key points
- The THYME corpus contains 1,254 de-identified Mayo Clinic notes from two oncology areas (brain cancer and colon cancer), covering clinical notes and pathology reports.
- THYME-TimeML adds a DOCTIME anchor for each note and a SECTIONTIME for sections updated later. A simplified version of the guidelines underpinned the 2012 i2b2 temporal relation challenge.
- CONTAINS makes up 66% of TLINKs and OVERLAP 14.6%. Timelines are therefore built mostly from containment links rather than BEFORE-style ordering.
- Agreement F1 scores were 0.8038 for EVENTs (i2b2: 0.87), 0.8047 for TIMEX3s (i2b2: 0.89), and 0.5012 for all links (i2b2 TLINK: 0.39).
- An SVM with constituency tree kernels reached F1 0.737 on EVENT–TIMEX3 narrative container detection. The data and guidelines are available at thyme.healthnlp.org.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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- [Boston Children's Hospital](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/hospitals/boston-children-s-hospital/) — Hospital, Boston, United States · 5 works · 662 citations
- [Mayo Clinic](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/mayo-clinic/) — Research institute, Rochester, United States · 4 works · 38,902 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: William F. Styler IV, Steven Bethard, Sean Finan, Martha Palmer, Sameer Pradhan, Piet C de Groen, Brad Erickson, Timothy Miller, Chen Lin, Guergana Savova and James Pustejovsky. 2014. Temporal Annotation in the Clinical Domain. Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{iv2014temporal,
  title = {{Temporal Annotation in the Clinical Domain}},
  author = {William F. Styler IV, Steven Bethard, Sean Finan, Martha Palmer, Sameer Pradhan, Piet C {de Groen}, Brad Erickson, Timothy Miller, Chen Lin, Guergana Savova and James Pustejovsky},
  journal = {Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2014},
  doi = {10.1162/tacl\_a\_00172},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00172}
}
```

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*Updated 24 October 2026*