---
title: "ArNLI: Arabic Natural Language Inference for Entailment and Contradiction Detection — Jallad 2022"
description: "They argue that Arabic is low-resource for this task, since the only earlier Arabic RTE set had about 600 pairs and… 52 references, cited by 4 papers here."
authors: ["Khloud Al Jallad", "Nada Ghneim"]
year: 2022
venue: "arXiv:2209.13953 · (2023) Computer Science, 24(2)"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.13953"
doi: "10.7494/csci.2023.24.2.4378"
arxiv: "2209.13953"
licence: "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (arXiv)"
licence_url: "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jallad-2022-arnli-arabic-natural-language-inference/"
---
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# ArNLI: Arabic Natural Language Inference for Entailment and Contradiction Detection

**Authors:** [Khloud Al Jallad](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/khloud-al-jallad/) and [Nada Ghneim](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/nada-ghneim/) · **Year:** 2022 · **Venue:** arXiv:2209.13953 · (2023) Computer Science, 24(2) · **Licence:** [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 (arXiv)](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.7494/csci.2023.24.2.4378) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2209.13953) · [DOI 10.7494/csci.2023.24.2.4378](https://doi.org/10.7494/csci.2023.24.2.4378) · [arXiv 2209.13953](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.13953) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4323825842)

**Citations:** 5 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [4](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jallad-2022-arnli-arabic-natural-language-inference/cited-by/) in our library, of the 140,884 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
The paper addresses three-way natural language inference for Arabic: deciding whether one sentence entails, contradicts, or is neutral toward another. The authors focus on contradiction. They argue that Arabic is low-resource for this task, since the only earlier Arabic RTE set had about 600 pairs and binary labels. They therefore built ArNLI semi-automatically. It contains more than 12k sentences (over 6000 pairs), labelled entailment, contradiction or neutral, and its contradictions cover the de Marneffe et al. typology. Their method follows Stanford's English contradiction work. A hand-built contradiction feature vector is joined to a text representation, such as word or character n-grams, bag-of-words, TF-IDF or word2vec. The combined vector is fed to classical classifiers. For comparison, the English PHEME and SICK sets were machine-translated into Arabic. Random Forest performed best, reaching 99% on translated PHEME, 60% on translated SICK and 75% on ArNLI. The released dataset gives Arabic NLI a public three-way benchmark and a baseline to beat.

## Key points
- ArNLI has more than 12k sentences, over 6000 pairs, and three classes. It is public at github.com/Khloud-AL/ArNLI.
- Contradiction types follow the de Marneffe et al. typology: Antonym, Negation, Numeric, Factive, Structure, Lexical, WK.
- Six classifiers were compared: SVM, SGD, Decision Tree, AdaBoost, KNN and Random Forest. Each was paired with several representations: BoW, word/char uni/bi/trigrams, TF-IDF (word, char, union), word2vec and word2vec-TF-IDF.
- Random Forest accuracy was 0.99 on translated PHEME, 0.60 on translated SICK (SemEval2014 Task1) and 0.75 on ArNLI.
- The best ArNLI setting joined the contradiction vector with either word trigrams or character bag-of-words.

## Interesting ideas
- Tag each contradiction pair with its type from a fixed typology, such as negation, antonym, numeric mismatch, factive, structural, lexical or world knowledge. This lets errors be broken down by the kind of reasoning involved rather than reported as one score.
- Keep a small, explicit contradiction feature block (negation, antonym and number cues) separate from the general text representation. This keeps the decisive signals inspectable.
- The authors' table of translation failures shows machine translation can flip or blur meaning, for example changing negation or argument structure. Such failures can silently corrupt a translated benchmark's labels.
- Related work (Harabagiu et al.) built contradiction data by negating entailment hypotheses. It also added negation markers to non-entailments, so that a negation cue alone would not predict the label.
- Near-perfect scores on translated PHEME next to 0.60 on SICK suggest some benchmarks are much easier than others. Results should be compared across several sets before trusting them.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (answer): Contradiction and consistency probes could be labelled with the same typology, so failures can be traced to the responsible stage, e.g. numeric mismatches to measures and antonyms to WordNet knowledge.
- **I2** (frames): Polarity, antonymy and quantity conflicts could be checked as explicit comparisons between aligned frames of two sentences, each with a recorded reason.
- **I3** (back): Translation through the meta-world could be tested on NLI pairs, checking that the entailment or contradiction label still holds after the text → graph → text round trip.
- **I4** (learn): Synthetic contradiction pairs could come with such negative controls, checking that a learner reasons about meaning rather than a surface negation word.
- **I5** (learn): Evaluation could always include a harder, typologically mixed set beside easy ones, to expose shortcut gains.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

Fields: [Linguistics & languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/shelves/linguistics/)

Topics: [🧮 Reasoning](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/reasoning/) · [🐪 Semitic languages](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/topics/semitic-languages/)

## Institutions

- [Arab International University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/arab-international-university/) — University, Ghabāghib, Syria · 8 works · 12 citations

## Cite

Cite as: Khloud Al Jallad and Nada Ghneim. 2022. ArNLI: Arabic Natural Language Inference for Entailment and Contradiction Detection. arXiv:2209.13953 · (2023) Computer Science, 24(2).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{jallad2022arnli,
  title = {{ArNLI: Arabic Natural Language Inference for Entailment and Contradiction Detection}},
  author = {Khloud {Al Jallad} and Nada Ghneim},
  year = {2022},
  doi = {10.7494/csci.2023.24.2.4378},
  eprint = {2209.13953},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.7494/csci.2023.24.2.4378}
}
```

- [← previous Towards Arabic Sentence Simplification via Classification and Generative Approaches](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/khallaf-2022-arabic-sentence-simplification-classification-generative/)
- [next → BERT, can HE predict contrastive focus? Predicting and controlling prominence in neural TTS using a language model](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/stephenson-2022-bert-he-predict-contrastive-focus/)
- [↑ back to papers of 2022](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/2022/page/4/)

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