---
title: "Multilingual Mathematical Autoformalization — Jiang 2023"
description: "Experts are needed to build such pairs by hand, so existing corpora are small or rely on few-shot… 40 references, cited by 36 papers here."
authors: ["Albert Q. Jiang", "Wenda Li", "Mateja Jamnik"]
year: 2023
venue: "arXiv:2311.03755"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.03755"
doi: "10.48550/arxiv.2311.03755"
arxiv: "2311.03755"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jiang-2023-multilingual-mathematical-autoformalization/"
---
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# Multilingual Mathematical Autoformalization

**Authors:** [Albert Q. Jiang](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/albert-q-jiang/), [Wenda Li](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/wenda-li/) and [Mateja Jamnik](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/mateja-jamnik/) · **Year:** 2023 · **Venue:** arXiv:2311.03755 · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (arXiv)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.03755) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2311.03755v2) · [DOI 10.48550/arxiv.2311.03755](https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.03755) · [arXiv 2311.03755](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.03755) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4388553910)

**Citations:** 1 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [36](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/jiang-2023-multilingual-mathematical-autoformalization/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Training models to turn ordinary mathematical text into proof-assistant code (autoformalization) has been held back by a shortage of large collections that pair informal statements with matching formal ones. Experts are needed to build such pairs by hand, so existing corpora are small or rely on few-shot prompting. The authors reverse the direction of translation. Describing formal code in plain English is much easier than writing it, so they had GPT-4 produce natural-language versions of every theorem statement in two major formal libraries: Isabelle's Archive of Formal Proofs and Lean4's mathlib4. The resulting corpus, MMA, has about 332K informal–formal pairs and covers two formal languages and many domains. They fine-tuned LLaMA-33B on MMA and manually checked its outputs on miniF2F and ProofNet. Roughly one in six generated statements were correct or close to correct, whereas the untuned model produced none. Training on both formal languages together outperformed training on either one alone, even when the model was tested on a single language. This suggests that mixing formal languages is a useful way to strengthen formalization models.

## Key points
- MMA combines 244K Isabelle statements (extracted with Portal to Isabelle) and 88K Lean4 statements (extracted with LeanDojo), each paired with a GPT-4 informalisation produced through instruction prompting.
- It is described as the first autoformalization dataset spanning more than one formal language. It is about four times larger than the previous largest dataset (Azerbayev et al., 2023).
- In a manual review of 50 outputs per benchmark, the fine-tuned LLaMA-33B produced 16–18% acceptable formal statements on miniF2F and ProofNet, compared with 0% for the base model.
- Models trained only on the Isabelle or only on the Lean4 portion, for the same number of steps, did clearly worse than the jointly trained model.
- The dataset and evaluation results are released on GitHub (albertqjiang/MMA), and the model weights are available on archive.org.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Albert Q. Jiang, Wenda Li and Mateja Jamnik. 2023. Multilingual Mathematical Autoformalization. arXiv:2311.03755.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@misc{jiang2023multilingual,
  title = {{Multilingual Mathematical Autoformalization}},
  author = {Albert Q. Jiang, Wenda Li and Mateja Jamnik},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2311.03755},
  eprint = {2311.03755},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2311.03755}
}
```

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## References

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*Updated 3 November 2026*