---
title: "The Articulatory and acoustics Effects of Pharyngeal Consonants"
description: "The paper investigates how the Arabic pharyngeal consonants /ħ/ and /ʕ/ (written /è/ and /Q/ in the extracted text) are… 22 references."
authors: ["Fazia Karaoui", "Amar Djeradi", "Yves Laprie"]
year: 2021
venue: "Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing (ICNLSP 2021)"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2021.icnlsp-1.32/"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/karaoui-2021-articulatory-acoustics-effects-pharyngeal-consonants/"
---
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# The Articulatory and acoustics Effects of Pharyngeal Consonants on Adjacent Vowels in Arabic Language

**Authors:** Fazia Karaoui, [Amar Djeradi](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/amar-djeradi/) and Yves Laprie · **Year:** 2021 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing (ICNLSP 2021)](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/icnlsp/) ([International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing 2021](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/icnlsp/2021/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2021.icnlsp-1.32/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2021.icnlsp-1.32.pdf)

## Summary
The paper investigates how the Arabic pharyngeal consonants /ħ/ and /ʕ/ (written /è/ and /Q/ in the extracted text) are articulated and how they change neighbouring vowels in Moroccan Arabic. The authors focus on vertical larynx movement, which they say had not been measured explicitly for vowels in pharyngeal surroundings. They used cineradiographic (x-ray) film and audio of one native male speaker from the DOCVACIM database. Sentences were segmented and annotated in Praat, and each phone was aligned with its x-ray frames. Contours of the tongue, lips, jaw, palate, hyoid bone, larynx and glottis were traced to measure articulator displacement. Formants F1–F4 of the short vowels /a, i, u/ were then compared between pharyngeal and plain coronal contexts. In pharyngeal contexts the larynx rose by roughly 0.6–1.19 cm, and F1 increased by more than 200 Hz. The F2–F1 gap also narrowed, and the authors link this to a shorter vocal tract. The study reports a correlation between how high the larynx rises and how strong the coarticulation is. These measurements could help set the larynx-height parameter in articulatory models of speech.

## Key points
- Data come from DOCVACIM: 2700 vocal-tract x-ray images and 60 Moroccan Arabic sentences from one adult male speaker.
- The analysis used 17 tokens of /ʕ/ and 8 of /ħ/. Vowels after or before pharyngeals totalled 15 tokens (10 /a/, 3 /i/, 2 /u/). The plain coronal baseline had 22 /a/, 20 /u/ and 13 /i/ tokens.
- Mean larynx-centre raising was 0.872 cm for /ʕ/ and 1.644 cm for /ħ/. Mean hyoid raising was 0.724 cm for /ʕ/ and 0.597 cm for /ħ/.
- In pharyngeal contexts, F1 rose by about 223 Hz for /a/, 214 Hz for /i/ and 239 Hz for /u/.
- The F2–F1 distance shrank from about 1000 to about 800 Hz for /a/, and from about 700 to about 400 Hz for /u/. Voiceless /ħ/ generally had a stronger effect than voiced /ʕ/.

## Interesting ideas
- Each acoustically segmented phone is time-aligned with its matching x-ray frames, so every acoustic label is backed by physical evidence from a second modality.
- Contour tracing is split by difficulty: rigid bones are tracked automatically, slightly overlapping organs semi-automatically, and only the tongue is drawn by hand. Human effort goes only where automation fails.
- Effects are always measured against a plain-consonant baseline rather than as absolute values. This separates the effect of the context from the vowel's own default properties.
- The strength of coarticulation is reduced to one interpretable number: the difference between F2–F1 in the baseline and in the target context. A value near zero means both contexts behave alike.
- The authors treat influence between neighbouring segments as running in both directions and as overlapping in time, not as a strictly one-way effect.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (frames): Each frame or semantic role could be stored with a pointer to the exact tree nodes and token span that justify it, which keeps every step traceable.
- **I2** (learn): Silver data could be routed the same way, with easy cases agreed by the witness parsers, uncertain ones sent to LLM teacher tiers, and only the hardest left for manual review.
- **I3** (learn): Evaluations could routinely report scores on a matched "plain" control set next to the target phenomenon, as a built-in negative control.
- **I4** (learn): A similar difference-of-gaps metric, such as the parser margin on a construction versus its plain counterpart, could flag constructions where Mova behaves unusually.
- **I5** (tokens): Tagging and lemma decisions could use features from both left and right neighbours, with explicit rules for when a neighbour overrides a token's default reading.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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## Cite

Cite as: Fazia Karaoui, Amar Djeradi and Yves Laprie. 2021. The Articulatory and acoustics Effects of Pharyngeal Consonants on Adjacent Vowels in Arabic Language. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing (ICNLSP 2021).

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{karaoui2021articulatory,
  title = {{The Articulatory and acoustics Effects of Pharyngeal Consonants on Adjacent Vowels in Arabic Language}},
  author = {Fazia Karaoui, Amar Djeradi and Yves Laprie},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Natural Language and Speech Processing (ICNLSP 2021)},
  year = {2021},
  url = {https://aclanthology.org/2021.icnlsp-1.32/}
}
```

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*Updated 2 November 2026*