---
title: "The impact of colors on human memory in learning English"
description: "The paper asks whether colour, treated as an environmental stimulus, helps adult second-language learners remember… 25 references."
authors: ["Jahangeer Khan", "Chengyu Liu"]
year: 2020
venue: "Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 5"
source: "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8"
doi: "10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8"
licence: "CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/khan-2020-impact-colors-human-memory-learning/"
---
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# The impact of colors on human memory in learning English collocations: evidence from south Asian tertiary ESL students

**Authors:** Jahangeer Khan and Chengyu Liu · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 5 · **Publisher:** [Springer Science+Business Media](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/springer-science-business-media/) · **Licence:** [CC BY (journal licence per DOAJ; Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8) · [PDF](https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8.pdf) · [DOI 10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3086770098)

**Citations:** 19 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14)

## Summary
The paper asks whether colour, treated as an environmental stimulus, helps adult second-language learners remember English collocations. The authors ran a small classroom experiment at a Chinese university with 30 South Asian tertiary ESL students, split evenly into an experimental group and a control group. Over three consecutive days, both groups were taught 30 English collocations, covering both their literal and their context-based meanings. Before and after instruction, learners took a test on the collocations and their meanings. The experimental group saw the target collocations underlined on yellow paper, while the control group saw the same items on plain white paper. Results were compared with a t-test. On the post-test, the yellow-paper group recalled collocations and their meanings clearly better than the control group. The authors interpret this as support for the claim that warm colours boost working memory through attention and arousal. They suggest that textbook and curriculum designers use coloured text and images for vocabulary.

## Key points
- Participants were 30 South Asian ESL university students in China, with 15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group.
- The material was 30 English collocations (e.g. "Go insane", "Have a Chat"), each taught with its literal and contextual meaning over three days.
- There was a single manipulated variable: underlined collocations on yellow paper versus white paper. The paper frames yellow as a warm colour that should raise arousal more than cool colours.
- The design was a pre-test followed by a post-test using multiple-choice meaning items with four options (a–d), analysed with a t-test.
- The literature framing draws on Craik & Lockhart's depth-of-processing account, Baddeley's working memory model, and Firth's view of collocation as habitual word company.

## Interesting ideas
- Changing exactly one surface property (paper colour) while keeping the content identical isolates the effect of presentation from the effect of content, and the same logic works for any system ablation.
- A pre-test establishes a baseline before the intervention, so post-test gains are measured against what each group already knew rather than in absolute terms.
- The paper treats collocations as single prefabricated units with both a literal and a context-dependent meaning, rather than as free word combinations.
- Meaning is tested through multiple-choice items with plausible distractors, such as several reactions offered for one phrase.
- Visual salience, here underlining plus a warm colour, is used to direct attention to the exact span that matters.

## For Mova

How these ideas could serve Mova, our small open language model — its files, stages and tests:

- **I1** (learn): Evaluation runs could pair each condition with a twin that differs only in formatting or surface form, so that a difference in scores must come from that one change.
- **I2** (learn): Measuring per-item accuracy before and after a new repair rule or teacher tier would show which items actually changed, rather than reporting only one final score.
- **I3** (world): The compiled lexicon could store multiword collocations such as "have a chat" with their own frame and sense, so they are not composed word by word.
- **I4** (answer): School-test readers could be checked on idiom and collocation comprehension with distractor sets, which reveals whether the reader picked the idiomatic sense or the literal one.
- **I5** (back): Explanations rendered from the meaning graph could highlight the specific tokens or spans that justified an answer, making each step easier for a human to follow.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

## Institutions

Also on the byline: [Southwest University](https://ror.org/01kj4z117).

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## Cite

Cite as: Jahangeer Khan and Chengyu Liu. 2020. The impact of colors on human memory in learning English collocations: evidence from south Asian tertiary ESL students. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 5.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@article{khan2020impact,
  title = {{The impact of colors on human memory in learning English collocations: evidence from south Asian tertiary ESL students}},
  author = {Jahangeer Khan and Chengyu Liu},
  journal = {Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 5},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-020-00098-8}
}
```

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## References

25 references, 0 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

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*Updated 24 October 2026*