---
title: "Weaver: Interweaving SQL and LLM for Table Reasoning (2025)"
description: "Answering questions over tables is hard when cells or surrounding paragraphs hold free… 1% accuracy. 33 references, cited by 4 papers here."
authors: ["Rohit Khoja", "Devanshu Gupta", "Yanjie Fu", "Dan Roth", "Vivek Gupta"]
year: 2025
venue: "Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing"
source: "https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.1436/"
doi: "10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.1436"
licence: "CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)"
licence_url: "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/khoja-2025-weaver-interweaving-sql-llm-table/"
---
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# Weaver: Interweaving SQL and LLM for Table Reasoning

**Authors:** Rohit Khoja, Devanshu Gupta, [Yanjie Fu](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/yanjie-fu/), [Dan Roth](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/dan-roth/) and [Vivek Gupta](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/vivek-gupta/) · **Year:** 2025 · **Venue:** [Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/) ([EMNLP 2025](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/emnlp/2025/)) · **Publisher:** [Association for Computational Linguistics](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/association-for-computational-linguistics/) · **Licence:** [CC BY 4.0 (ACL Anthology)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.1436/) · [PDF](https://aclanthology.org/2025.emnlp-main.1436.pdf) · [DOI 10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.1436](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.1436) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W4416035615)

**Citations:** 2 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [4](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/khoja-2025-weaver-interweaving-sql-llm-table/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Answering questions over tables is hard when cells or surrounding paragraphs hold free text (or images). SQL cannot interpret such content semantically, while LLMs struggle with long inputs and with counting, arithmetic and temporal logic. Earlier hybrids either embed LLM calls inside SQL, which breaks down on multi-step logic, or follow fixed pipelines with few reasoning steps. Weaver addresses this with a modular, plan-driven pipeline that works in four stages:
- It cleans and filters the table and describes the relevant columns.
- An LLM writes a step-by-step plan, and a second LLM checks it.
- The plan is executed, alternating SQL steps (filtering, aggregation, formatting) with LLM steps that add semantically inferred columns. Each step saves an intermediate table.
- A final LLM call extracts the answer.

Optimizations reduce cost: SQL operations are moved earlier, consecutive SQL steps are merged, and LLM calls are chunked and parallelized. On hybrid subsets of several Table QA benchmarks, Weaver beats prior methods with fewer API calls and errors, especially on multi-hop queries. Its stored intermediate tables make the reasoning transparent and easy to debug.

## Key points
- **Evaluation data:** WikiTQ, TabFact and FinQA, plus 3,000 queries each from the multimodal FinQA MM and OTT-QA MM. Because no dedicated hybrid benchmark exists, the authors curated hybrid subsets from these datasets.
- **Plan verification:** removing the second-LLM check costs about 1% accuracy. Common failure types are SQL errors (unsupported MySQL functions, hallucinated columns) and planning errors.
- **Compatibility:** the pipeline works with different database engines (e.g., MySQL, SQLite) and can be extended to VLM steps for image content.
- **Limitations:** it handles English tables only and does not support hierarchical or multi-table queries.
- **Code:** available at https://coral-lab-asu.github.io/weaver.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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- [Arizona State University](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/arizona-state-university/) — University, Tempe, United States · 50 works · 2,032 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Rohit Khoja, Devanshu Gupta, Yanjie Fu, Dan Roth and Vivek Gupta. 2025. Weaver: Interweaving SQL and LLM for Table Reasoning. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{khoja2025weaver,
  title = {{Weaver: Interweaving SQL and LLM for Table Reasoning}},
  author = {Rohit Khoja, Devanshu Gupta, Yanjie Fu, Dan Roth and Vivek Gupta},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
  year = {2025},
  doi = {10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.1436},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.emnlp-main.1436}
}
```

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## References

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*Updated 31 October 2026*