---
title: "Automated Personalized Feedback Improves Learning Gains in"
description: "Working on Korbit, a large dialogue-based ITS for data science and machine learning, the authors… 27 references, cited by 9 papers here."
authors: ["Ekaterina Kochmar", "Dung Do Vu", "Robert Belfer", "Varun Gupta", "Iulian Vlad Serban", "Joelle Pineau"]
year: 2020
venue: "Lecture Notes in Computer Science"
source: "https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02431"
doi: "10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7_26"
arxiv: "2005.02431"
licence: "arXiv — non-exclusive licence to distribute"
licence_url: "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/"
summary_licence: "Elamur Cosmic License"
canonical: "https://research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kochmar-2020-automated-personalized-feedback-improves-learning/"
---
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# Automated Personalized Feedback Improves Learning Gains in An Intelligent Tutoring System

**Authors:** [Ekaterina Kochmar](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/ekaterina-kochmar/), Dung Do Vu, Robert Belfer, Varun Gupta, [Iulian Vlad Serban](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/iulian-vlad-serban/) and [Joelle Pineau](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/authors/joelle-pineau/) · **Year:** 2020 · **Venue:** [Lecture Notes in Computer Science](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/lecture-notes-in-computer-science/) ([Lecture notes in computer science 2020](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/venues/lecture-notes-in-computer-science/2020/)) · **Publisher:** [Springer Science+Business Media](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/publishers/springer-science-business-media/) · **Licence:** [arXiv — non-exclusive licence to distribute](http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/)

**Links:** [Publisher's page](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7_26) · [PDF](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2005.02431) · [DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7\_26](https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7_26) · [arXiv 2005.02431](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02431) · [OpenAlex](https://openalex.org/W3023718816)

**Citations:** 96 citations (OpenAlex, 2026-10-14) · [9](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/papers/kochmar-2020-automated-personalized-feedback-improves-learning/cited-by/) in our library, of the 149,439 papers whose bibliographies we read

## Summary
Dialogue-based intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) struggle to respond well to the wide variety of wrong answers students give, and hand-written feedback rules do not scale. Working on Korbit, a large dialogue-based ITS for data science and machine learning, the authors build three kinds of fully automatic feedback generators. Text hints come from reference solutions. The system finds question keywords, uses spaCy dependency parsing to pick a span that avoids them, and wraps that span in a discourse phrase. A Random Forest then ranks the candidates using one of three feature sets: linguistic features alone (baseline), those plus simple student-performance statistics (shallow personalization), or those plus features from up to four earlier dialogue turns (deep personalization). Further interventions come from Wikipedia explanations filtered by a Decision Tree and from math hints, which work by scoring alternative parse trees of LaTeX input. In a live study with 183 students, the deep model gave the largest learning gains and significantly outperformed the non-personalized baseline on second attempts. The work suggests that data-driven personalized feedback can improve learning without expert authoring and can be moved to other domains.

## Key points
- **Training and evaluation data:** The hint-ranking models were trained on 450 logged student–system interactions and first compared offline with 50-fold cross-validation. The live evaluation then used 796 annotated interactions from 183 students taking the machine learning course in January–February 2020.
- **Learning gains across all attempts:** The share of correct answers after feedback was 48.53% for deep personalization, 46.51% for shallow and 39.47% for the baseline.
- **Learning gains before the second attempt:** The figures were 60.47%, 51.43% and 37.93% respectively. The deep-vs-baseline difference was significant by a z-test (p = 0.03005).
- **Wikipedia-based explanations:** These were built from a 2 GB Wikipedia crawl on machine learning. Explanations taken directly from an article's first sentence and those generated from the rest of the article produced similar learning gains. Students judged one or both types helpful in 83.33% of cases.
- **Mathematical hints:** Two domain experts reviewed 86 interactions containing a wrong equation. They rated over 90% of the hints as "very" or "somewhat" useful. Unlike other math ITS that rely on hand-crafted test cases, this feedback is fully automated.

*Our summary of the paper, in our own words — not its text. The work belongs to its authors; read it at the links above.*

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- [Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/labs/mila-quebec-artificial-intelligence-institute/) — Research institute, Montreal, Canada · 73 works · 14,704 citations
- [École de Technologie Supérieure](https://md.research.elamur.ai/free/en/universities/ecole-de-technologie-superieure/) — University, Montreal, Canada · 3 works · 165 citations

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## Cite

Cite as: Ekaterina Kochmar, Dung Do Vu, Robert Belfer, Varun Gupta, Iulian Vlad Serban and Joelle Pineau. 2020. Automated Personalized Feedback Improves Learning Gains in An Intelligent Tutoring System. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

The paper itself, not this page. BibTeX from the library's record of the work.

```bibtex
@inproceedings{kochmar2020automated,
  title = {{Automated Personalized Feedback Improves Learning Gains in An Intelligent Tutoring System}},
  author = {Ekaterina Kochmar, Dung Do Vu, Robert Belfer, Varun Gupta, Iulian Vlad Serban and Joelle Pineau},
  booktitle = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7\_26},
  eprint = {2005.02431},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7_26}
}
```

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## References

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*Updated 3 November 2026*